PBDB Timescale

Ten Million Year Bins

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
Z.-X. Qiu and Z.-D. Qiu. 1995. Chronological sequence and subdivision of Chinese Neogene mammalian faunas. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 116(1-2):41-70 view

There are 56 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 1 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ten Million Year Bins	Cambrian of Kazakhstan	Ordovician of Ibero-Bohemia				Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand		Carbo-Permian of the Russian Platform	North American Land Mammal Ages	Mesozoic Subages		Neogene Mammal Ages of China
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Cenozoic 6									Saintaugustinean				0
		Meghalayan										Santarosean				0.0004
		Northgrippian														0.0042
		Greenlandian														0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene													Nihewanian	0.0117
		Late Pleistocene										Rancholabrean				0.014
		Chibanian										Rancholabrean				0.129
		Chibanian										Irvingtonian				0.21
		Calabrian										Irvingtonian				0.774
		Calabrian										Blancan				1.4
		Gelasian														1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian													Yushean	2.58
		Zanclean														3.6
												Hemphillian				4.7
															Baodean	4.9
	Miocene	Messinian														5.333
		Tortonian														7.246
												Clarendonian				9.4
															Tunggurian	11.1
		Serravallian	Cenozoic 5													11.63
		Serravallian										Barstovian				12.5
		Langhian													Shanwangian	13.82
		Burdigalian														15.98
												Hemingfordian				16.3
												Hemingfordian			Xiejiaan	16.9
												Arikareean				18.5
		Aquitanian														20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Cenozoic 4													23.03
		Rupelian														27.82
												Whitneyan				29.5
												Orellan				31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian	Cenozoic 3									Chadronian				33.9
		Priabonian										Duchesnean				37
		Bartonian										Duchesnean				37.71
		Bartonian										Uintan				39.7
		Lutetian	Cenozoic 2									Uintan				41.2
		Lutetian										Bridgerian				46.2
		Ypresian										Bridgerian				47.8
												Wasatchian				50.5
												Clarkforkian				54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Cenozoic 1									Clarkforkian				56
		Thanetian										Tiffanian				56.2
		Selandian										Tiffanian				59.2
		Selandian										Torrejonian				60.9
		Danian										Torrejonian				61.6
		Danian										Puercan				63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Cretaceous 8										Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian			66
		Campanian	Cretaceous 7										Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian			72.1
		Santonian	Cretaceous 6										Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian			83.6
		Coniacian											Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian			86.3
		Turonian											Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian			89.8
		Cenomanian	Cretaceous 5										Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian			93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Cretaceous 4										Late Albian			100.5
													Middle Albian			106.2 *
													Early Albian			109.9 *
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3										Late Aptian			113
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3										Early Aptian			119.5 *
		Barremian	Cretaceous 2										Late Barremian/Early Barremian			121.4
		Hauterivian	Cretaceous 2										Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian			125.77
		Valanginian	Cretaceous 1										Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian			132.6
		Berriasian											Late Berriasian			139.8
													Middle Berriasian			140.6 *
													Early Berriasian			142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Jurassic 6						Oteke	Puaroan			Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian		145
		Tithonian	Jurassic 6	Early Tithonian	146.3 *									Middle Tithonian
		Kimmeridgian	Jurassic 5	Late Kimmeridgian		149.2
				Late Kimmeridgian		Kawhia	Ohauan	150
				Early Kimmeridgian			Ohauan	152.2 *
				Early Kimmeridgian			Heterian	154.5
		Oxfordian		Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian			154.8
		Oxfordian			Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian			157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian		Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian				161.5
		Callovian		Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian			Temaikan	164.3
		Bathonian	Jurassic 4	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian				165.3
		Bajocian		Late Bajocian				168.2
		Bajocian		Early Bajocian				168.6 *
		Aalenian	Jurassic 3	Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian				170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian		Late Toarcian				174.7
				Late Toarcian		Herangi	Ururoan	176
				Middle Toarcian				180.4 *
				Early Toarcian				182.9 *
		Pliensbachian	Jurassic 2	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian				184.2
		Pliensbachian	Jurassic 2	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian			Aratauran	188.9
		Sinemurian	Jurassic 1	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian				192.9
		Hettangian	Jurassic 1	Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian				199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Triassic 4	Balfour		Otapirian		201.4
		Norian				Warepan	Sevatian	208.5
							Alaunian	213.2 *
							Lacian	216.7 *
						Otamitan		217
						Oretian		221
		Carnian	Triassic 3			Oretian	Tuvalian	227
				Gore		Kaihikuan	Tuvalian	227.5
							Julian	233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Triassic 2				Longobardian	237
						Etalian	Longobardian	238
							Fassanian	239.7 *
		Anisian					Illyrian	242
							Pelsonian	243.8 *
							Bithynian	244.7 *
							Aegean	245.5 *
						Malakovian	Aegean	246
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Triassic 1				Spathian	247.2
							Smithian	248.9 *
						Nelsonian	Smithian	249
		Induan					Dienerian	251.2
							Griesbachian	251.4 *
				DUrville		Makarewan	Griesbachian	251.5
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Permian 4			Makarewan	Melekhovian		251.902
		Changhsingian				Waiitian			253.2
		Wuchiapingian				Waiitian			254.14
		Wuchiapingian				Puruhauan			254.2
	Guadalupian	Capitanian		Aparima		Flettian			259.51
		Wordian							264.28
							Noginskian		264.9 *
						Barettian			266
		Roadian	Permian 3						266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Permian 2						273.01
						Mangapirian			276
							Pavlovoposadian		276.8 *
		Artinskian							283.5
						Telfordian			285
						Telfordian	Rusavkinian		287.6 *
									288.5
		Sakmarian							290.1
		Asselian	Permian 1						293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Carboniferous 5						298.9
		Kasimovian					Dorogomilovian		303.7
							Khamovnikian		304.8
							Krevyakinian		305.8 *
		Moscovian	Carboniferous 4				Myachkovian		307
							Podolskian		308.9 *
							Kashirian		311.4 *
							Vereian		313.8
							Melekessian		314.8
		Bashkirian			315.2		Melekessian
					Cheremshanian		316.9 *
					Prikamian		318.6 *
					Severokeltmian		319.9 *
					Krasnopolyanian		321.2 *
					Voznesenian		321.9 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3		Zapaltjubian		323.2
					Protvian		324.4 *
					Steshevian		326.8 *
					Tarusian		329 *
		Visean	Carboniferous 2		Venevian		330.9
					Mikhailovian		331.9 *
					Aleksinian		333.7 *
					Tulian		335.8 *
					Bobrikian		339.9 *
					Radaevkian		343.4 *
		Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1		Kosvian		346.7
					Kizelian		350.7 *
					Cherepetian		351.9 *
					Karakubian		354.4 *
					Upinian		356.3 *
					Malevkian		357.6 *
					Gumerovian		358 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Devonian 5				358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian	Devonian 4				372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Devonian 3				382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Devonian 3				387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Devonian 2				393.3
		Pragian	Devonian 1				407.6
		Lochkovian	Devonian 1				410.8
Silurian	Pridoli		Silurian 2				419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian					423
	Ludlow	Gorstian					425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian					427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian					430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	Silurian 1				433.4
		Aeronian					438.5
		Rhuddanian					440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ordovician 5				Kosovian	Bolindian	443.8
		Katian					Kralodvorian	Bolindian	Bohdalec †	445.2
							Kralodvorian	Eastonian		449 *
							Berounian	Eastonian		449.7 *
								Gisbornian		452 *
		Sandbian	Ordovician 4							453
										Zahorany †/Vinice	Letna †	456.2 *
									Liben †			458 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Ordovician 3					Darriwilian				458.4
							Dobrotivian					458.5 *
							Oretanian					459.7 *
									Sarka †			461.7 *
		Dapingian	Ordovician 2					Klabava †	Yapeenian			467.3
							Arenigian		Yapeenian			468
				Castlemainian		468.5 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian		Chewtonian		470
				Bendigonian		471.8 *
				Lancefieldian		473.5 *
		Tremadocian	Ordovician 1	Lancefieldian		Ungurian	Tremadocian		477.7
		Tremadocian	Ordovician 1	Warendian		Ungurian	Tremadocian		482.8 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Cambrian 5	Batyrbaian					485.4
		Jiangshanian		Batyrbaian					489.5
				Aksaian					490.7 *
				Sakian					492.2 *
		Paibian		Sakian					494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Cambrian 4	Ayusokkanian					497
		Guzhangian							499.5
		Drumian		Zhanaarykian					500.5
		Drumian		Tuesaian					503
		Wuliuan	Cambrian 3	Tuesaian					504.5
		Wuliuan							505.3
	Series 2	Stage 4							509
				Toyonian					510 *
				Botomian					512.5 *
		Stage 3	Cambrian 2	Botomian					514
		Stage 3		Atdabanian					515.6 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2		Tommotian					521
		Stage 2							525.5
		Fortunian	Cambrian 1						529
																538.8