PBDB Timescale

Ten Million Year Bins

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view

There are 56 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 1 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ten Million Year Bins	Cambrian of Australia	Devonian of France	Mesozoic Subages		South American Land Mammal Ages		Cambrian of North America		Silurian of North America			Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Cenozoic 6														0
		Northgrippian															0.0042
		Greenlandian															0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene						Lujanian									0.0117
		Chibanian						Lujanian									0.129
		Chibanian						Ensenadan									0.3 *
		Calabrian						Ensenadan									0.774
		Calabrian						Sanandresian	Uquian †								1.7 *
		Gelasian						Sanandresian									1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian						Vorohuean									2.58
		Piacenzian						Chapadmalalan									2.9 *
		Zanclean						Chapadmalalan									3.6
								Montehermosan									3.7 *
								Huayquerian									4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian															5.333
		Tortonian															7.246
								Chasicoan									7.9 *
								Mayoan									9.9 *
								Laventan									10.9 *
		Serravallian	Cenozoic 5					Laventan									11.63
		Serravallian						Colloncuran									13.7 *
		Langhian						Colloncuran									13.82
		Langhian						Friasian									15.4 *
		Burdigalian						Friasian									15.98
								Santacrucian									16.2 *
								Colhuehuapian									17.4 *
		Aquitanian						Colhuehuapian									20.44
		Aquitanian						Deseadan									20.9 *
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Cenozoic 4												Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian	23.03
		Rupelian													Kekeamuan		27.82
		Rupelian						Tinguirirican							Kekeamuan		28.9 *
	Eocene	Priabonian	Cenozoic 3					Tinguirirican							Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian		33.9
		Priabonian						Divisaderan							Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian		35.9 *
		Bartonian													Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan		37.71
		Lutetian	Cenozoic 2														41.2
		Lutetian						Mustersan									41.9 *
		Ypresian						Mustersan								Bumbanian	47.8
		Ypresian						Casamayoran								Bumbanian	47.9 *
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Cenozoic 1					Riochican							Gashatan		56
								Itaboraian									56.9 *
								Peligran									58.9 *
		Selandian															59.2
		Danian															61.6
		Danian						Tiupampan									62.4 *
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Cretaceous 8			Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian											66
		Campanian	Cretaceous 7			Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian											72.1
		Santonian	Cretaceous 6			Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian											83.6
		Coniacian				Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian											86.3
		Turonian				Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian											89.8
		Cenomanian	Cretaceous 5			Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian											93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Cretaceous 4			Late Albian											100.5
						Middle Albian											106.2 *
						Early Albian											109.9 *
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3			Late Aptian											113
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3			Early Aptian											119.5 *
		Barremian	Cretaceous 2			Late Barremian/Early Barremian											121.4
		Hauterivian	Cretaceous 2			Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian											125.77
		Valanginian	Cretaceous 1			Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian											132.6
		Berriasian				Late Berriasian											139.8
						Middle Berriasian											140.6 *
						Early Berriasian											142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Jurassic 6			Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian										145
		Tithonian	Jurassic 6			Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian										146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian	Jurassic 5			Late Kimmeridgian											149.2
		Kimmeridgian		Early Kimmeridgian	152.2 *
		Oxfordian		Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	154.8
		Oxfordian			Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian		Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian		161.5
		Bathonian	Jurassic 4	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian		165.3
		Bajocian		Late Bajocian		168.2
		Bajocian		Early Bajocian		168.6 *
		Aalenian	Jurassic 3	Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian		170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian		Late Toarcian		174.7
				Middle Toarcian		180.4 *
				Early Toarcian		182.9 *
		Pliensbachian	Jurassic 2	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian		184.2
		Sinemurian	Jurassic 1	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian		192.9
		Hettangian	Jurassic 1	Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian		199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Triassic 4			201.4
		Norian		Sevatian		208.5
				Alaunian		213.2 *
				Lacian		216.7 *
		Carnian	Triassic 3	Tuvalian		227
		Carnian	Triassic 3	Julian		233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Triassic 2	Longobardian		237
		Ladinian		Fassanian		239.7 *
		Anisian		Illyrian		242
				Pelsonian		243.8 *
				Bithynian		244.7 *
				Aegean		245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Triassic 1	Spathian		247.2
		Olenekian		Smithian		248.9 *
		Induan		Dienerian		251.2
		Induan		Griesbachian		251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Permian 4			251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian				254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian				259.51
		Wordian				264.28
		Roadian	Permian 3			266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Permian 2			273.01
		Artinskian				283.5
		Sakmarian				290.1
		Asselian	Permian 1			293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Carboniferous 5			298.9
		Kasimovian	Carboniferous 5			303.7
		Moscovian	Carboniferous 4			307
		Bashkirian	Carboniferous 4			315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3			323.2
		Visean	Carboniferous 2			330.9
		Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1			346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Devonian 5			Famennian	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian	Devonian 4			Frasnian	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Devonian 3			Givetian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Devonian 3			Couvinien	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Devonian 2				393.3
		Pragian	Devonian 1				407.6
		Pragian				Coblencien	408.2 *
		Lochkovian				Gedinnine	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli		Silurian 2				Cayugan	Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Whitcliffe/Leintwardine	419.2
							Cayugan		Bringewood/Elton	421.3
							Niagaran		Bringewood/Elton	422.5 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian						Coalbrookdale	Wenlock (England)/Tickwood	423
		Gorstian								425.6
		Gorstian							Buildwas	426.4 *
	Wenlock	Homerian							Buildwas	Lockportian	427.4
		Homerian						Wych	Woolhope	Lockportian	428.4 *
		Sheinwoodian									430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	Silurian 1							Ontarian	433.4
		Telychian									436.3 *
		Aeronian									438.5
											Alexandrian	438.7 *
					Cowleigh Park			439.3 *
							Medinan	Clinton		440.1 *
										440.7 *
		Rhuddanian								440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ordovician 5								443.8
		Katian	Ordovician 5								445.2
		Sandbian	Ordovician 4								453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Ordovician 3								458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian	Ordovician 2								467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian	Ordovician 2								470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian	Ordovician 1								477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Cambrian 5								Datsonian	Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
											Payntonian		486.8 *
											Payntonian		Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian									Iverian		Sunwaptan	489.5
		Jiangshanian									Iverian		Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian									Idamean		Steptoean	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Cambrian 4								Mindyallan	Marjumian	Albertian †	497
		Guzhangian									Boomerangian			499
		Drumian									Undillan			500.5
		Drumian									Floran			503
		Wuliuan	Cambrian 3								Templetonian	Topazan		504.5
											Templetonian	Delamaran		506.5
											Ordian			507.8 *
	Series 2	Stage 4									Ordian		Waucoban †	509
														510.8 *
												Dyeran		511 *
		Stage 3	Cambrian 2	514								Dyeran
				Montezuman								514.8 *
				Begadean								519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2										521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian	Cambrian 1									529
																	538.8