PBDB Timescale

Ten Million Year Bins

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view

There are 56 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 1 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ten Million Year Bins	Cambrian of China		Cenozoic Subepochs	South American Land Mammal Ages		Obsolete Names for ICS Units
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Cenozoic 6									0
		Northgrippian										0.0042
		Greenlandian										0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene				Late Pleistocene	Lujanian					0.0117
		Chibanian				Middle Pleistocene	Lujanian					0.129
		Chibanian				Middle Pleistocene	Ensenadan					0.3 *
		Calabrian				Early Pleistocene	Ensenadan					0.774
		Calabrian					Sanandresian	Uquian †				1.7 *
		Gelasian					Sanandresian					1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian				Late Pliocene	Vorohuean		Tertiary †			2.58
		Piacenzian				Late Pliocene	Chapadmalalan					2.9 *
		Zanclean				Early Pliocene	Chapadmalalan					3.6
							Montehermosan					3.7 *
							Huayquerian					4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian				Late Miocene						5.333
		Tortonian										7.246
							Chasicoan					7.9 *
							Mayoan					9.9 *
							Laventan					10.9 *
		Serravallian	Cenozoic 5			Middle Miocene	Laventan					11.63
		Serravallian					Colloncuran					13.7 *
		Langhian					Colloncuran					13.82
		Langhian					Friasian					15.4 *
		Burdigalian				Early Miocene	Friasian					15.98
							Santacrucian					16.2 *
							Colhuehuapian					17.4 *
		Aquitanian					Colhuehuapian					20.44
		Aquitanian					Deseadan					20.9 *
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Cenozoic 4			Late Oligocene						23.03
		Rupelian				Early Oligocene						27.82
		Rupelian				Early Oligocene	Tinguirirican					28.9 *
	Eocene	Priabonian	Cenozoic 3			Late Eocene	Tinguirirican					33.9
		Priabonian				Late Eocene	Divisaderan					35.9 *
		Bartonian				Middle Eocene						37.71
		Lutetian	Cenozoic 2									41.2
		Lutetian					Mustersan					41.9 *
		Ypresian				Early Eocene	Mustersan					47.8
		Ypresian				Early Eocene	Casamayoran					47.9 *
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Cenozoic 1			Late Paleocene	Riochican					56
							Itaboraian					56.9 *
							Peligran					58.9 *
		Selandian				Middle Paleocene						59.2
		Danian				Early Paleocene						61.6
		Danian				Early Paleocene	Tiupampan					62.4 *
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Cretaceous 8									66
		Campanian	Cretaceous 7									72.1
		Santonian	Cretaceous 6									83.6
		Coniacian										86.3
		Turonian										89.8
		Cenomanian	Cretaceous 5									93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Cretaceous 4									100.5
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3									113
		Barremian	Cretaceous 2									121.4
		Hauterivian	Cretaceous 2									125.77
		Valanginian	Cretaceous 1									132.6
		Berriasian	Cretaceous 1									139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Jurassic 6									145
		Kimmeridgian	Jurassic 5									149.2
		Oxfordian										154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian										161.5
		Bathonian	Jurassic 4									165.3
		Bajocian	Jurassic 4									168.2
		Aalenian	Jurassic 3									170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Jurassic 3									174.7
		Pliensbachian	Jurassic 2	184.2
		Sinemurian	Jurassic 1	192.9
		Hettangian	Jurassic 1	199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Triassic 4	201.4
		Norian	Triassic 4	208.5
		Carnian	Triassic 3	227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Triassic 2	237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian	Triassic 2	242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Triassic 1	247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan	Triassic 1	251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Permian 4	251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian		Longtanian †	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian			259.51
		Wordian			264.28
		Roadian	Permian 3		266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Permian 2		273.01
		Artinskian			283.5
		Sakmarian			290.1
		Asselian	Permian 1		293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Carboniferous 5		298.9
		Kasimovian	Carboniferous 5		303.7
		Moscovian	Carboniferous 4		307
		Bashkirian	Carboniferous 4		315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3		323.2
		Visean	Carboniferous 2		330.9
		Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1		346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Devonian 5		358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian	Devonian 4		372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Devonian 3		382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Devonian 3		387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Devonian 2		393.3
		Pragian	Devonian 1		407.6
		Lochkovian	Devonian 1		410.8
Silurian	Pridoli		Silurian 2		419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian			423
	Ludlow	Gorstian			425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian			427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian			430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	Silurian 1		433.4
		Aeronian			438.5
		Rhuddanian			440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ordovician 5		Hirnantian			Xiaoxita †/Shikou		Wufeng †	443.8
		Katian			Chientangkiangian					Wufeng †	445.2
		Katian			Neichianshanian/Hanjiang						449.5
		Sandbian	Ordovician 4		Neichianshanian/Hanjiang	453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Ordovician 3		Darriwilian	Guniu †/Hulo	458.4
		Darriwilian	Ordovician 3		Darriwilian	Hunjiang †	Dawan †/Daobaowan/Ningkuo	466.3 *
		Dapingian	Ordovician 2		Dapingian			467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian	Ordovician 2		Yiyangian			470
		Tremadocian	Ordovician 1		Xinchangian			477.7
		Tremadocian	Ordovician 1		Xinchangian		Lianghekou †	477.9 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Cambrian 5		Niuchehean	Taoyuanian †				485.4
		Jiangshanian			Jiangshanian					489.5
		Paibian			Paibian					494
		Paibian			Paibian	Waergangian †/Youshuanian				494.9 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Cambrian 4		Guzhangian	Wangcunian †				Series 3 †	497
		Drumian	Cambrian 4		Drumian	Wangcunian †					500.5
		Wuliuan	Cambrian 3	Wuliuan/Taijangian		Stage 5 †					504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Cambrian 3	Duyunian							509
	Series 2	Stage 3	Cambrian 2	Nangaoian							514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Cambrian 2	Meishucunian							521
		Fortunian	Cambrian 1	Meishucunian							529
		Fortunian	Cambrian 1	Jinnigian							530.7
												538.8