PBDB Timescale

Ten Million Year Bins

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view

There are 56 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 1 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ten Million Year Bins	Cambrian of China		Silurian Ages of Europe	Obsolete Names for ICS Units			North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand		Cambrian of Britain		Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		European Faunal Units
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Cenozoic 6														Wanganui	Haweran		0
		Northgrippian																		0.0042
		Greenlandian																		0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene								Sheridanian										0.0117
		Chibanian								Sheridanian										0.129
										Cudahyan/Sappan										0.21
																		Castlecliffian		0.34
		Calabrian																		0.774
										Senecan/Rexroadian										1.4
																		Nukumaruan		1.63
		Gelasian																Nukumaruan		1.8
		Gelasian																Mangapanian		2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian					Tertiary †											Mangapanian	Villanyian	2.58
																		Waipipian	Villanyian	3
																			Ruscinian	3.1 *
		Zanclean																		3.6
																		Opoitian		3.7
										Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian								Opoitian		4.7
	Miocene	Messinian															Taranaki	Kapitean	Turolian	5.333
		Messinian																Tongaporutuan		7.2
		Tortonian																		7.246
																			Vallesian	8.7
										Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian										9.4
																	Southland	Waiauan		11.04
		Serravallian	Cenozoic 5																Astaracian	11.63
										late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian										12.5
																		Lillburnian		13.05
		Langhian																Lillburnian		13.82
																		Clifdenian		15.1
																	Pareora	Altonian		15.9
		Burdigalian																	Orleanian	15.98
										Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian										16.3
										late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian									18.5
																		Otaian		18.7
																			Agenian	20
		Aquitanian																		20.44
		Aquitanian															Landon	Waitakian		21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Cenozoic 4																	23.03
											Monroecreekian									23.1 *
											Geringian									24.7 *
																		Duntroonian		25.2
																		Whaingaroan		27.3
		Rupelian																		27.82
		Rupelian																		29.5
	Eocene	Priabonian	Cenozoic 3							Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian										33.9
																	Arnold	Runangan		34.6
																		Kaiatan		36.7
																				37
		Bartonian																		37.71
																		Bortonian		39.1
										Late Uintan/Early Uintan										39.7
		Lutetian	Cenozoic 2																	41.2
																	Dannevirke	Porangan		42.6
																		Heretaungan		45.7
										Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian										46.2
		Ypresian																		47.8
																		Mangaorapan		48.9
										Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean								Mangaorapan		50.5
										Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean								Waipawan		52
												Cf3/Cf2/Cf1						Waipawan		54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Cenozoic 1									Cf3/Cf2/Cf1						Teurian		56
		Thanetian										Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1								56.2
		Selandian										Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1								59.2
		Selandian										To3/To2/To1								60.9
		Danian		61.6								To3/To2/To1
		Danian		Pu3/Pu2/Pu1	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Cretaceous 8			Mata	Haumurian	66
		Campanian	Cretaceous 7				Haumurian	72.1
		Santonian	Cretaceous 6				Piripauan	83.6
		Santonian				Raukumara	Teratan	86.1
		Coniacian						86.3
		Turonian						89.8
							Mangaotanean	90.5
							Arowhanan	93.7
		Cenomanian	Cretaceous 5				Arowhanan	93.9
						Clarence	Ngaterian	95.2
							Motuan	99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Cretaceous 4				Motuan	100.5
							Urutawan	103.3
						Taitai	Korangan	108.4
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3				Korangan	113
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3					117.5
		Barremian	Cretaceous 2					121.4
		Hauterivian	Cretaceous 2					125.77
		Valanginian	Cretaceous 1					132.6
		Berriasian	Cretaceous 1					139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Jurassic 6			Oteke		Puaroan				145
		Kimmeridgian	Jurassic 5			Oteke		Puaroan				149.2
						Kawhia		Ohauan				150
								Heterian				154.5
		Oxfordian										154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian										161.5
		Callovian						Temaikan				164.3
		Bathonian	Jurassic 4									165.3
		Bajocian	Jurassic 4									168.2
		Aalenian	Jurassic 3									170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian										174.7
		Toarcian				Herangi		Ururoan				176
		Pliensbachian	Jurassic 2					Ururoan				184.2
		Pliensbachian	Jurassic 2					Aratauran				188.9
		Sinemurian	Jurassic 1									192.9
		Hettangian	Jurassic 1									199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Triassic 4			Balfour		Otapirian				201.4
		Norian						Warepan				208.5
								Otamitan				217
								Oretian				221
		Carnian	Triassic 3					Oretian				227
		Carnian	Triassic 3			Gore		Kaihikuan			227.5
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Triassic 2					Kaihikuan			237
		Ladinian						Etalian			238
		Anisian						Etalian			242
		Anisian						Malakovian			246
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Triassic 1					Malakovian			247.2
		Olenekian						Nelsonian			249
		Induan						Nelsonian			251.2
		Induan				DUrville		Makarewan			251.5
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Permian 4					Makarewan			251.902
		Changhsingian						Waiitian			253.2
		Wuchiapingian						Waiitian			Longtanian †	254.14
		Wuchiapingian						Puruhauan			Longtanian †	254.2
	Guadalupian	Capitanian						Aparima			Flettian	Capitanian	259.51
		Wordian									Flettian	Wordian	264.28
		Wordian									Barettian	Wordian	266
		Roadian	Permian 3							Roadian		266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Permian 2							Leonardian		Cathedralian	273.01
											Mangapirian	Cathedralian	276
												Hessian	281.9 *
		Artinskian											283.5
											Telfordian		285
										Wolfcampian	Telfordian	Lenoxian	286.1 *
								288.5
		Sakmarian						290.1
		Asselian	Permian 1					Nealian			293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Carboniferous 5								Late Pennsylvanian	298.9
		Kasimovian	Carboniferous 5								Late Pennsylvanian	303.7
		Moscovian	Carboniferous 4								Middle Pennsylvanian	307
		Bashkirian	Carboniferous 4								Early Pennsylvanian	315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3								Late Mississippian	323.2
		Visean	Carboniferous 2								Middle Mississippian	330.9
		Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1								Early Mississippian	346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Devonian 5									358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian	Devonian 4									372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Devonian 3									382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Devonian 3									387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Devonian 2									393.3
		Pragian	Devonian 1				407.6
		Lochkovian	Devonian 1				410.8
Silurian	Pridoli		Silurian 2				419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian					423
	Ludlow	Gorstian					425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian					Gleedonian		427.4
		Homerian					Whitwellian		429.7 *
		Sheinwoodian							430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	Silurian 1						433.4
		Aeronian							438.5
		Rhuddanian							440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ordovician 5						443.8
		Katian	Ordovician 5						445.2
		Sandbian	Ordovician 4						453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Ordovician 3						458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian	Ordovician 2						467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian	Ordovician 2						470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian	Ordovician 1						477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Cambrian 5						Niuchehean			Taoyuanian †	Merioneth	Dolgellian/Trempealeauan	485.4
		Stage 10							Niuchehean					Festiniogian	489.2 *
		Jiangshanian							Jiangshanian					Festiniogian	489.5
		Jiangshanian							Jiangshanian					Maentwrogian	493.1 *
		Paibian							Paibian						494
		Paibian							Paibian			Waergangian †/Youshuanian			494.9 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Cambrian 4						Guzhangian			Wangcunian †	Series 3 †	St Davids		497
		Drumian	Cambrian 4						Drumian			Wangcunian †				500.5
		Wuliuan	Cambrian 3			Wuliuan/Taijangian						Stage 5 †				504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Cambrian 3			Duyunian								Caerfai		509
	Series 2	Stage 3	Cambrian 2			Nangaoian										514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Cambrian 2			Meishucunian										521
		Fortunian	Cambrian 1			Meishucunian										529
		Fortunian	Cambrian 1			Jinnigian										530.7
																				538.8