PBDB Timescale

Ten Million Year Bins

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
M. Kretzoi. 1942. Necroteuthis n. g. (Ceph. Dibr., Necroteuthidae N. F.) aus dem Oligozän von Budapest und das system der Dibranchiata. Földtani Közlöny 72:125-238 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view

There are 56 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 1 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ten Million Year Bins	Ordovician of North America						European Faunal Units	Mesozoic Subages		Cambrian of Kazakhstan	Permian of China	Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		South American Land Mammal Ages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Cenozoic 6												Wanganui	Haweran					0
		Northgrippian																			0.0042
		Greenlandian																			0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene																	Lujanian		0.0117
		Chibanian																	Lujanian		0.129
																			Ensenadan		0.3 *
																Castlecliffian					0.34
		Calabrian														Castlecliffian					0.774
																Nukumaruan					1.63
																			Sanandresian	Uquian †	1.7 *
		Gelasian																			1.8
		Gelasian														Mangapanian					2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian								Villanyian									Vorohuean		2.58
																			Chapadmalalan		2.9 *
																Waipipian					3
										Ruscinian											3.1 *
		Zanclean																			3.6
																Opoitian			Montehermosan		3.7 *
																Opoitian			Huayquerian		4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian								Turolian					Taranaki	Kapitean					5.333
		Messinian														Tongaporutuan					7.2
		Tortonian																			7.246
																			Chasicoan		7.9 *
										Vallesian									Chasicoan		8.7
																			Mayoan		9.9 *
																			Laventan		10.9 *
															Southland	Waiauan					11.04
		Serravallian	Cenozoic 5							Astaracian						Waiauan					11.63
																Lillburnian					13.05
																			Colloncuran		13.7 *
		Langhian																			13.82
																Clifdenian					15.1
																Clifdenian			Friasian		15.4 *
															Pareora	Altonian					15.9
		Burdigalian								Orleanian											15.98
																			Santacrucian		16.2 *
																			Colhuehuapian		17.4 *
																Otaian					18.7
										Agenian											20
		Aquitanian																			20.44
																			Deseadan		20.9 *
															Landon	Waitakian					21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Cenozoic 4													Waitakian	Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian			23.03
																Duntroonian					25.2
																Whaingaroan					27.3
		Rupelian															Kekeamuan				27.82
		Rupelian															Kekeamuan		Tinguirirican		28.9 *
	Eocene	Priabonian	Cenozoic 3														Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian				33.9
															Arnold	Runangan					34.6
																Runangan			Divisaderan		35.9 *
																Kaiatan					36.7
		Bartonian														Kaiatan	Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan				37.71
		Bartonian														Bortonian					39.1
		Lutetian	Cenozoic 2																		41.2
																			Mustersan		41.9 *
															Dannevirke	Porangan					42.6
																Heretaungan					45.7
		Ypresian																Bumbanian			47.8
																			Casamayoran		47.9 *
																Mangaorapan					48.9
																Waipawan					52
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Cenozoic 1													Teurian	Gashatan		Riochican		56
																			Itaboraian		56.9 *
																			Peligran		58.9 *
		Selandian			59.2
		Danian			61.6
		Danian			Tiupampan	62.4 *
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Cretaceous 8		Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian	Mata	Haumurian		66
		Campanian	Cretaceous 7		Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian		Haumurian		72.1
		Santonian	Cretaceous 6		Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian		Piripauan		83.6
		Santonian			Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian	Raukumara	Teratan		86.1
		Coniacian			Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian				86.3
		Turonian			Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian				89.8
							Mangaotanean		90.5
							Arowhanan		93.7
		Cenomanian	Cretaceous 5		Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian		Arowhanan		93.9
						Clarence	Ngaterian		95.2
							Motuan		99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Cretaceous 4		Late Albian		Motuan		100.5
					Late Albian		Urutawan		103.3
					Middle Albian		Urutawan		106.2 *
					Middle Albian	Taitai	Korangan		108.4
					Early Albian				109.9 *
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3		Late Aptian				113
					Late Aptian				117.5
					Early Aptian				119.5 *
		Barremian	Cretaceous 2		Late Barremian/Early Barremian				121.4
		Hauterivian	Cretaceous 2		Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian				125.77
		Valanginian	Cretaceous 1		Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian				132.6
		Berriasian			Late Berriasian				139.8
					Middle Berriasian				140.6 *
					Early Berriasian				142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Jurassic 6		Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian					145
		Tithonian	Jurassic 6		Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian					146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian	Jurassic 5		Late Kimmeridgian						149.2
		Kimmeridgian			Early Kimmeridgian						152.2 *
		Oxfordian			Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian					154.8
		Oxfordian				Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian					157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian			Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian						161.5
		Bathonian	Jurassic 4		Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian						165.3
		Bajocian			Late Bajocian						168.2
		Bajocian			Early Bajocian						168.6 *
		Aalenian	Jurassic 3		Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian						170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian			Late Toarcian						174.7
					Middle Toarcian						180.4 *
					Early Toarcian						182.9 *
		Pliensbachian	Jurassic 2		Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian					184.2
		Sinemurian	Jurassic 1		Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian					192.9
		Hettangian	Jurassic 1		Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian					199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Triassic 4							201.4
		Norian			Sevatian					208.5
					Alaunian					213.2 *
					Lacian					216.7 *
		Carnian	Triassic 3		Tuvalian					227
		Carnian	Triassic 3		Julian					233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Triassic 2		Longobardian					237
		Ladinian			Fassanian					239.7 *
		Anisian			Illyrian					242
					Pelsonian					243.8 *
					Bithynian					244.7 *
					Aegean					245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Triassic 1		Spathian					247.2
		Olenekian			Smithian					248.9 *
		Induan			Dienerian					251.2
		Induan			Griesbachian					251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Permian 4							Meishanian	Buntsandstein	251.902
		Changhsingian								Baoqingian		253.4 *
		Wuchiapingian								Laoshanian		254.14
		Wuchiapingian		Laibinian						257.7 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian		Lengwuan						Ohre/Aller	259.51
		Wordian		Kuhfengian						Leine	264.28
		Roadian	Permian 3	Kuhfengian						266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Permian 2	Luodianian						273.01
		Artinskian		Luodianian						283.5
		Artinskian		Longlinian						285.4 *
		Sakmarian		Longlinian						290.1
		Asselian	Permian 1	Zisongian						293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Carboniferous 5	Zisongian						298.9
		Gzhelian								300.1
		Kasimovian								303.7
		Moscovian	Carboniferous 4							307
		Bashkirian	Carboniferous 4							315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3							323.2
		Visean	Carboniferous 2							330.9
		Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1							346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Devonian 5							358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian	Devonian 4							372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Devonian 3							382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Devonian 3				387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Devonian 2				393.3
		Pragian	Devonian 1				407.6
		Lochkovian	Devonian 1				410.8
Silurian	Pridoli		Silurian 2				419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian					423
	Ludlow	Gorstian					425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian					427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian					430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	Silurian 1				433.4
		Aeronian					438.5
		Rhuddanian					440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ordovician 5				Cincinnatian		Gamachian	443.8
		Katian							Gamachian	445.2
						Richmondian			446 *
						Maysvillian			Rocklandian †/Shermanian/Ashbyan/Kirkfieldian/Blackriveran/Wildernessian/Trentonian/Franklinian	449.8 *
						Edenian				450.4 *
						Mohawkian	Chatfieldian			451.1 *
		Sandbian	Ordovician 4				Chatfieldian			453
							Turinian			453.7 *
						Whiterockian			Canadian †	Chazyan †/Marmor	457 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Ordovician 3								458.4
		Dapingian	Ordovician 2								467.3
		Dapingian					Rangerian				469.1 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian				Ibexian	Blackhillsian			Jeffersonian †	Cassinian †	470
		Floian					Tulean					473.9 *
		Tremadocian	Ordovician 1				Tulean					Ungurian	477.7
							Stairsian						480.3 *
							Skullrockian				Demingian †		482 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Cambrian 5				Skullrockian					Batyrbaian	485.4
		Stage 10											487.5
		Jiangshanian											489.5
												Aksaian	490.7 *
												Sakian	492.2 *
		Paibian										Sakian	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Cambrian 4									Ayusokkanian	497
												Ayusokkanian	Arcadian	498.4
														499.5
		Drumian										Zhanaarykian		500.5
		Drumian										Tuesaian		503
		Wuliuan	Cambrian 3									Tuesaian		504.5
		Wuliuan										505.3
	Series 2	Stage 4										Branchian	509
					Toyonian								510 *
					Botomian								512.5 *
		Stage 3	Cambrian 2		Botomian								514
					Atdabanian								515.6 *
					Atdabanian			Placentian				517.1
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2			Tommotian							521
		Stage 2										525.5
		Fortunian	Cambrian 1									529
																					538.8