PBDB Timescale

Ten Million Year Bins

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view

There are 56 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 2 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ten Million Year Bins	Ordovician of China			European Faunal Units	Carboniferous of North America	Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		North American Land Mammal Ages	Mesozoic Subages	Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Cenozoic 6								Saintaugustinean		Wanganui	Haweran	0
		Meghalayan									Santarosean				0.0004
		Northgrippian													0.0042
		Greenlandian													0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene													0.0117
		Late Pleistocene									Rancholabrean				0.014
		Chibanian									Rancholabrean				0.129
											Irvingtonian				0.21
														Castlecliffian	0.34
		Calabrian													0.774
											Blancan				1.4
														Nukumaruan	1.63
		Gelasian												Nukumaruan	1.8
		Gelasian												Mangapanian	2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian					Villanyian							Mangapanian	2.58
							Villanyian							Waipipian	3
							Ruscinian								3.1 *
		Zanclean													3.6
														Opoitian	3.7
											Hemphillian			Opoitian	4.7
	Miocene	Messinian					Turolian						Taranaki	Kapitean	5.333
		Messinian												Tongaporutuan	7.2
		Tortonian													7.246
							Vallesian								8.7
											Clarendonian				9.4
													Southland	Waiauan	11.04
		Serravallian	Cenozoic 5				Astaracian								11.63
											Barstovian				12.5
														Lillburnian	13.05
		Langhian												Lillburnian	13.82
														Clifdenian	15.1
													Pareora	Altonian	15.9
		Burdigalian					Orleanian								15.98
											Hemingfordian				16.3
											Arikareean				18.5
														Otaian	18.7
							Agenian								20
		Aquitanian													20.44
		Aquitanian											Landon	Waitakian	21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Cenozoic 4						Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian				Waitakian	23.03
														Duntroonian	25.2
														Whaingaroan	27.3
		Rupelian							Kekeamuan						27.82
											Whitneyan				29.5
											Orellan				31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian	Cenozoic 3						Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian		Chadronian				33.9
													Arnold	Runangan	34.6
														Kaiatan	36.7
											Duchesnean				37
		Bartonian							Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan						37.71
														Bortonian	39.1
											Uintan				39.7
		Lutetian	Cenozoic 2												41.2
													Dannevirke	Porangan	42.6
														Heretaungan	45.7
											Bridgerian				46.2
		Ypresian								Bumbanian					47.8
														Mangaorapan	48.9
											Wasatchian			Mangaorapan	50.5
											Wasatchian			Waipawan	52
											Clarkforkian			Waipawan	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Cenozoic 1						Gashatan		Clarkforkian			Teurian	56
		Thanetian							Gashatan		Tiffanian				56.2
		Selandian									Tiffanian				59.2
		Selandian		Torrejonian	60.9
		Danian		Torrejonian	61.6
		Danian		Puercan	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Cretaceous 8		Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian	Mata		Haumurian			66
		Campanian	Cretaceous 7		Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian			Haumurian			72.1
		Santonian	Cretaceous 6		Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian			Piripauan			83.6
		Santonian			Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian	Raukumara		Teratan			86.1
		Coniacian			Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian						86.3
		Turonian			Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian						89.8
								Mangaotanean			90.5
								Arowhanan			93.7
		Cenomanian	Cretaceous 5		Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian			Arowhanan			93.9
						Clarence		Ngaterian			95.2
								Motuan			99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Cretaceous 4		Late Albian			Motuan			100.5
					Late Albian			Urutawan			103.3
					Middle Albian			Urutawan			106.2 *
					Middle Albian	Taitai		Korangan			108.4
					Early Albian						109.9 *
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3		Late Aptian						113
					Late Aptian						117.5
					Early Aptian						119.5 *
		Barremian	Cretaceous 2		Late Barremian/Early Barremian						121.4
		Hauterivian	Cretaceous 2		Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian						125.77
		Valanginian	Cretaceous 1		Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian						132.6
		Berriasian			Late Berriasian						139.8
					Middle Berriasian						140.6 *
					Early Berriasian						142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Jurassic 6		Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian						145
		Tithonian	Jurassic 6		Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian						146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian	Jurassic 5		Late Kimmeridgian							149.2
		Kimmeridgian			Early Kimmeridgian							152.2 *
		Oxfordian			Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian						154.8
		Oxfordian				Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian						157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian			Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian							161.5
		Bathonian	Jurassic 4		Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian							165.3
		Bajocian			Late Bajocian							168.2
		Bajocian			Early Bajocian							168.6 *
		Aalenian	Jurassic 3		Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian							170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian			Late Toarcian		174.7
					Middle Toarcian		180.4 *
					Early Toarcian		182.9 *
		Pliensbachian	Jurassic 2		Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian		184.2
		Sinemurian	Jurassic 1		Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian		192.9
		Hettangian	Jurassic 1		Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian		199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Triassic 4				201.4
		Norian			Sevatian		208.5
					Alaunian		213.2 *
					Lacian		216.7 *
		Carnian	Triassic 3		Tuvalian		227
		Carnian	Triassic 3		Julian		233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Triassic 2		Longobardian		237
		Ladinian			Fassanian		239.7 *
		Anisian			Illyrian		242
					Pelsonian		243.8 *
					Bithynian		244.7 *
					Aegean		245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Triassic 1		Spathian		Vokhmian					247.2
		Olenekian			Smithian							248.9 *
		Induan			Dienerian							251.2
		Induan			Griesbachian							251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Permian 4							251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian					Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian			254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian					Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian		259.51
		Wordian					Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian		264.28
		Roadian	Permian 3				Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian		266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Permian 2						273.01
		Artinskian		283.5
		Sakmarian		290.1
		Asselian	Permian 1	Bursumian †					293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Carboniferous 5	Virgilian					Late Pennsylvanian	298.9
		Kasimovian		Missourian						303.7
		Kasimovian		Desmoinesian						305.9 *
		Moscovian	Carboniferous 4	Desmoinesian					Middle Pennsylvanian	307
		Moscovian		Atokan					Middle Pennsylvanian	312.7 *
		Bashkirian		Atokan					Early Pennsylvanian	315.2
		Bashkirian		Morrowan					Early Pennsylvanian	318.4 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3	Chesterian					Late Mississippian	323.2
		Visean	Carboniferous 2	Chesterian					Middle Mississippian	330.9
				Meramecian						335.8 *
				Osagean						343.1 *
		Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1	Osagean					Early Mississippian	346.7
		Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1	Kinderhookian					Early Mississippian	351.9 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Devonian 5							358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian	Devonian 4					372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Devonian 3					382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Devonian 3					387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Devonian 2					393.3
		Pragian	Devonian 1					407.6
		Lochkovian	Devonian 1					410.8
Silurian	Pridoli		Silurian 2					419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian						423
	Ludlow	Gorstian						425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian						427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian						430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	Silurian 1					433.4
		Aeronian						438.5
		Rhuddanian						440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ordovician 5			Hirnantian		Xiaoxita †/Shikou		Wufeng †	443.8
		Katian				Chientangkiangian				Wufeng †	445.2
		Katian				Neichianshanian/Hanjiang					449.5
		Sandbian	Ordovician 4			Neichianshanian/Hanjiang					453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Ordovician 3			Darriwilian		Guniu †/Hulo			458.4
		Darriwilian	Ordovician 3			Darriwilian		Hunjiang †		Dawan †/Daobaowan/Ningkuo	466.3 *
		Dapingian	Ordovician 2			Dapingian					467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian	Ordovician 2			Yiyangian					470
		Tremadocian	Ordovician 1			Xinchangian					477.7
		Tremadocian	Ordovician 1			Xinchangian				Lianghekou †	477.9 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Cambrian 5								485.4
		Jiangshanian									489.5
		Paibian									494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Cambrian 4								497
		Drumian	Cambrian 4								500.5
		Wuliuan	Cambrian 3								504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Cambrian 3								509
	Series 2	Stage 3	Cambrian 2								514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Cambrian 2								521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian	Cambrian 1								529
															538.8