PBDB Timescale

Ten Million Year Bins

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view

There are 56 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 1 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ten Million Year Bins	Ordovician of Australia	Carbo-Permian of the Russian Platform	Cambrian of China		Cenozoic Subepochs	South American Land Mammal Ages		Obsolete Names for ICS Units
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Cenozoic 6											0
		Northgrippian												0.0042
		Greenlandian												0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene						Late Pleistocene	Lujanian					0.0117
		Chibanian						Middle Pleistocene	Lujanian					0.129
		Chibanian						Middle Pleistocene	Ensenadan					0.3 *
		Calabrian						Early Pleistocene	Ensenadan					0.774
		Calabrian							Sanandresian	Uquian †				1.7 *
		Gelasian							Sanandresian					1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian						Late Pliocene	Vorohuean		Tertiary †			2.58
		Piacenzian						Late Pliocene	Chapadmalalan					2.9 *
		Zanclean						Early Pliocene	Chapadmalalan					3.6
									Montehermosan					3.7 *
									Huayquerian					4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian						Late Miocene						5.333
		Tortonian												7.246
									Chasicoan					7.9 *
									Mayoan					9.9 *
									Laventan					10.9 *
		Serravallian	Cenozoic 5					Middle Miocene	Laventan					11.63
		Serravallian							Colloncuran					13.7 *
		Langhian							Colloncuran					13.82
		Langhian							Friasian					15.4 *
		Burdigalian						Early Miocene	Friasian					15.98
									Santacrucian					16.2 *
									Colhuehuapian					17.4 *
		Aquitanian							Colhuehuapian					20.44
		Aquitanian							Deseadan					20.9 *
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Cenozoic 4					Late Oligocene						23.03
		Rupelian						Early Oligocene						27.82
		Rupelian						Early Oligocene	Tinguirirican					28.9 *
	Eocene	Priabonian	Cenozoic 3					Late Eocene	Tinguirirican					33.9
		Priabonian						Late Eocene	Divisaderan					35.9 *
		Bartonian						Middle Eocene						37.71
		Lutetian	Cenozoic 2											41.2
		Lutetian							Mustersan					41.9 *
		Ypresian						Early Eocene	Mustersan					47.8
		Ypresian						Early Eocene	Casamayoran					47.9 *
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Cenozoic 1					Late Paleocene	Riochican					56
									Itaboraian					56.9 *
									Peligran					58.9 *
		Selandian						Middle Paleocene						59.2
		Danian						Early Paleocene						61.6
		Danian						Early Paleocene	Tiupampan					62.4 *
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Cretaceous 8											66
		Campanian	Cretaceous 7											72.1
		Santonian	Cretaceous 6											83.6
		Coniacian												86.3
		Turonian												89.8
		Cenomanian	Cretaceous 5											93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Cretaceous 4											100.5
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3											113
		Barremian	Cretaceous 2											121.4
		Hauterivian	Cretaceous 2											125.77
		Valanginian	Cretaceous 1											132.6
		Berriasian	Cretaceous 1											139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Jurassic 6											145
		Kimmeridgian	Jurassic 5											149.2
		Oxfordian												154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian												161.5
		Bathonian	Jurassic 4											165.3
		Bajocian	Jurassic 4											168.2
		Aalenian	Jurassic 3											170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Jurassic 3											174.7
		Pliensbachian	Jurassic 2	184.2
		Sinemurian	Jurassic 1	192.9
		Hettangian	Jurassic 1	199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Triassic 4	201.4
		Norian	Triassic 4	208.5
		Carnian	Triassic 3	227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Triassic 2	237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian	Triassic 2	242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Triassic 1	247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan	Triassic 1	251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Permian 4	Melekhovian	251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian			Longtanian †	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian				259.51
		Wordian				264.28
		Wordian		Noginskian		264.9 *
		Roadian	Permian 3			266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Permian 2			273.01
		Kungurian		Pavlovoposadian		276.8 *
		Artinskian		Pavlovoposadian		283.5
		Artinskian		Rusavkinian		287.6 *
		Sakmarian				290.1
		Asselian	Permian 1			293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Carboniferous 5			298.9
		Kasimovian		Dorogomilovian		303.7
				Khamovnikian		304.8
				Krevyakinian		305.8 *
		Moscovian	Carboniferous 4	Myachkovian		307
				Podolskian		308.9 *
				Kashirian		311.4 *
				Vereian		313.8
				Melekessian		314.8
		Bashkirian		Melekessian		315.2
				Cheremshanian		316.9 *
				Prikamian		318.6 *
				Severokeltmian		319.9 *
				Krasnopolyanian		321.2 *
				Voznesenian		321.9 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3	Zapaltjubian		323.2
				Protvian		324.4 *
				Steshevian		326.8 *
				Tarusian		329 *
		Visean	Carboniferous 2	Venevian		330.9
				Mikhailovian		331.9 *
				Aleksinian		333.7 *
				Tulian		335.8 *
				Bobrikian		339.9 *
				Radaevkian		343.4 *
		Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1	Kosvian		346.7
				Kizelian		350.7 *
				Cherepetian		351.9 *
				Karakubian		354.4 *
				Upinian		356.3 *
				Malevkian		357.6 *
				Gumerovian		358 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Devonian 5			358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian	Devonian 4			372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Devonian 3			382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Devonian 3			387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Devonian 2			393.3
		Pragian	Devonian 1			407.6
		Lochkovian	Devonian 1			410.8
Silurian	Pridoli		Silurian 2			419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian				423
	Ludlow	Gorstian				425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian				427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian				430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	Silurian 1			433.4
		Aeronian				438.5
		Rhuddanian				440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ordovician 5			Bolindian	Hirnantian	Xiaoxita †/Shikou	Wufeng †	443.8
		Katian				Bolindian	Chientangkiangian			445.2
						Eastonian	Chientangkiangian			449 *
						Eastonian	Neichianshanian/Hanjiang			449.5
						Gisbornian				452 *
		Sandbian	Ordovician 4			Gisbornian				453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Ordovician 3			Darriwilian	Darriwilian	Guniu †/Hulo		458.4
		Darriwilian	Ordovician 3		Hunjiang †	Darriwilian	Darriwilian	Dawan †/Daobaowan/Ningkuo	466.3 *
		Dapingian	Ordovician 2			Yapeenian	Dapingian		467.3
		Dapingian				Castlemainian	Dapingian		468.5 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian				Chewtonian	Yiyangian		470
						Bendigonian			471.8 *
						Lancefieldian			473.5 *
		Tremadocian	Ordovician 1				Xinchangian		477.7
								Lianghekou †	477.9 *
						Warendian		Lianghekou †	482.8 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Cambrian 5			Niuchehean	Taoyuanian †				485.4
		Jiangshanian				Jiangshanian					489.5
		Paibian				Paibian					494
		Paibian				Paibian	Waergangian †/Youshuanian				494.9 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Cambrian 4			Guzhangian	Wangcunian †				Series 3 †	497
		Drumian	Cambrian 4			Drumian	Wangcunian †					500.5
		Wuliuan	Cambrian 3			Wuliuan/Taijangian						Stage 5 †	504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Cambrian 3			Duyunian							509
	Series 2	Stage 3	Cambrian 2			Nangaoian							514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Cambrian 2			Meishucunian							521
		Fortunian	Cambrian 1			Meishucunian							529
		Fortunian	Cambrian 1			Jinnigian							530.7
														538.8