PBDB Timescale

Ten Million Year Bins

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
D. H. Erwin and S. A. Bowring. 2004. Cambrian time scale. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view

There are 56 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 1 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ten Million Year Bins	Ordovician of Ibero-Bohemia				North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Cambrian of Siberia			Permian of Western Europe	Permian of the Pamirs	Silurian Ages of Europe	Mesozoic Subages		Cambrian of China	Obsolete Names for ICS Units
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Cenozoic 6																		0
		Northgrippian																			0.0042
		Greenlandian																			0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene						Sheridanian													0.0117
		Chibanian						Sheridanian													0.129
		Chibanian						Cudahyan/Sappan													0.21
		Calabrian						Cudahyan/Sappan													0.774
		Calabrian						Senecan/Rexroadian													1.4
		Gelasian																			1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian																		Tertiary †	2.58
		Zanclean																			3.6
		Zanclean						Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian													4.7
	Miocene	Messinian																			5.333
		Tortonian																			7.246
		Tortonian						Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian													9.4
		Serravallian	Cenozoic 5					Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian													11.63
		Serravallian						late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian													12.5
		Langhian																			13.82
		Burdigalian																			15.98
								Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian													16.3
								late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian												18.5
		Aquitanian																			20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Cenozoic 4																		23.03
									Monroecreekian												23.1 *
									Geringian												24.7 *
		Rupelian							Geringian												27.82
		Rupelian																			29.5
	Eocene	Priabonian	Cenozoic 3					Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian													33.9
		Priabonian																			37
		Bartonian																			37.71
		Bartonian						Late Uintan/Early Uintan													39.7
		Lutetian	Cenozoic 2					Late Uintan/Early Uintan													41.2
		Lutetian						Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian													46.2
		Ypresian						Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian													47.8
								Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean													50.5
										Cf3/Cf2/Cf1											54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Cenozoic 1							Cf3/Cf2/Cf1											56
		Thanetian								Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1											56.2
		Selandian								Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1											59.2
		Selandian								To3/To2/To1											60.9
		Danian								To3/To2/To1											61.6
		Danian								Pu3/Pu2/Pu1											63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Cretaceous 8														Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian				66
		Campanian	Cretaceous 7														Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian				72.1
		Santonian	Cretaceous 6														Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian				83.6
		Coniacian															Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian				86.3
		Turonian															Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian				89.8
		Cenomanian	Cretaceous 5														Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian				93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Cretaceous 4														Late Albian				100.5
																	Middle Albian				106.2 *
																	Early Albian				109.9 *
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3														Late Aptian				113
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3														Early Aptian				119.5 *
		Barremian	Cretaceous 2														Late Barremian/Early Barremian				121.4
		Hauterivian	Cretaceous 2														Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian				125.77
		Valanginian	Cretaceous 1														Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian				132.6
		Berriasian															Late Berriasian				139.8
																	Middle Berriasian				140.6 *
																	Early Berriasian				142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Jurassic 6														Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian			145
		Tithonian	Jurassic 6														Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian			146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian	Jurassic 5														Late Kimmeridgian				149.2
		Kimmeridgian															Early Kimmeridgian				152.2 *
		Oxfordian															Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian			154.8
		Oxfordian			157.9 *													Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian		Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian		161.5
		Bathonian	Jurassic 4	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian		165.3
		Bajocian		Late Bajocian		168.2
		Bajocian		Early Bajocian		168.6 *
		Aalenian	Jurassic 3	Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian		170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian		Late Toarcian		174.7
				Middle Toarcian		180.4 *
				Early Toarcian		182.9 *
		Pliensbachian	Jurassic 2	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian		184.2
		Sinemurian	Jurassic 1	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian		192.9
		Hettangian	Jurassic 1	Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian		199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Triassic 4			201.4
		Norian		Sevatian		208.5
				Alaunian		213.2 *
				Lacian		216.7 *
		Carnian	Triassic 3	Tuvalian		227
		Carnian	Triassic 3	Julian		233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Triassic 2	Longobardian		237
		Ladinian		Fassanian		239.7 *
		Anisian		Illyrian		242
				Pelsonian		243.8 *
				Bithynian		244.7 *
				Aegean		245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Triassic 1	Spathian		247.2
		Olenekian		Smithian		248.9 *
		Induan		Dienerian		251.2
		Induan		Griesbachian		251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Permian 4	Dorashamian			251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian		Zechstein			Dzhulfian		Longtanian †		254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian		Rotliegendes			Midian				259.51
		Wordian					Midian				264.28
		Wordian					Murgabian				266.2 *
		Roadian	Permian 3				Murgabian				266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Permian 2				Kubergandian				273.01
		Kungurian					Bolorian	279.8
		Artinskian		Autunian			Bolorian	283.5
		Artinskian					Yakhtashian	286
		Sakmarian					Sakmarian	290.1
		Asselian	Permian 1				Asselian	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Carboniferous 5					298.9
		Kasimovian	Carboniferous 5					303.7
		Moscovian	Carboniferous 4					307
		Bashkirian	Carboniferous 4					315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3					323.2
		Visean	Carboniferous 2					330.9
		Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1					346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Devonian 5					Late Famennian		358.9
								Middle Famennian		365.3 *
								Early Famennian		368.5 *
		Frasnian	Devonian 4					Late Frasnian		372.2
								Middle Frasnian		375.4 *
								Early Frasnian		379.3 *
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Devonian 3					Late Givetian		382.7
								Middle Givetian		383.7 *
								Early Givetian		385.9 *
		Eifelian						Late Eifelian		387.7
		Eifelian						Early Eifelian		390.3 *
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Devonian 2					Late Emsian		393.3
		Emsian	Devonian 2					Early Emsian		398.3 *
		Pragian	Devonian 1					Pragian		407.6
		Lochkovian						Late Lochkovian		410.8
								Middle Lochkovian		412.8 *
								Early Lochkovian		415.6 *
Silurian	Pridoli		Silurian 2							419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian			423
	Ludlow	Gorstian			425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian			Gleedonian					427.4
		Homerian			Whitwellian					429.7 *
		Sheinwoodian								430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	Silurian 1							433.4
		Aeronian								438.5
		Rhuddanian								440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ordovician 5							Kosovian	443.8
		Katian								Kralodvorian	Bohdalec †	445.2
		Katian								Berounian		449.7 *
		Sandbian	Ordovician 4									453
												Zahorany †/Vinice	Letna †	456.2 *
											Liben †			458 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Ordovician 3											458.4
										Dobrotivian				458.5 *
										Oretanian				459.7 *
											Sarka †			461.7 *
		Dapingian	Ordovician 2								Klabava †			467.3
		Dapingian								Arenigian				468
	Early Ordovician	Floian								Arenigian				470
		Tremadocian	Ordovician 1							Tremadocian				477.7
		Tremadocian	Ordovician 1							Tremadocian				Mansian †	483.55 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Cambrian 5											Batyrbaian	Tavgian †	Ketyan †/Yurakian	Niuchehean	Taoyuanian †	485.4
		Jiangshanian												Batyrbaian			Jiangshanian		489.5
														Aksaian					490.7 *
														Sakian					492.2 *
		Paibian				Paibian											494
																Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian	494.7 *
									Waergangian †/Youshuanian							Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian	494.9 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Cambrian 4			Ayusokkanian									Guzhangian	Wangcunian †	Series 3 †	497
		Guzhangian				Mayan/Menevian									Guzhangian			499.5
		Drumian				Mayan/Menevian									Drumian			500.5
		Wuliuan	Cambrian 3			Amgan/Solvan									Wuliuan/Taijangian			Stage 5 †	504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4				Amgan/Solvan									Duyunian				509
						Toyonian			Lenian †										510 *
						Botomian													512.5 *
		Stage 3	Cambrian 2			Botomian									Nangaoian				514
		Stage 3				Atdabanian									Nangaoian				515.6 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2		Tommotian		Meishucunian	521
		Stage 2		Nemakit-Daldynian			525.5
		Fortunian	Cambrian 1				Manykaian †		529
		Fortunian	Cambrian 1			Jinnigian	Manykaian †		530.7
																					538.8