PBDB Timescale

Ten Million Year Bins

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
Z.-X. Qiu and Z.-D. Qiu. 1995. Chronological sequence and subdivision of Chinese Neogene mammalian faunas. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 116(1-2):41-70 view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view

There are 56 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 1 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ten Million Year Bins	Ordovician of Ibero-Bohemia				North American Land Mammal Ages	Permian of the Pamirs	Neogene Mammal Ages of China	Devonian of Germany	North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Obsolete Names for ICS Units	Mesozoic Subages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Cenozoic 6					Saintaugustinean									0
		Meghalayan						Santarosean									0.0004
		Northgrippian															0.0042
		Greenlandian															0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene								Nihewanian		Sheridanian					0.0117
		Late Pleistocene						Rancholabrean									0.014
		Chibanian						Rancholabrean									0.129
		Chibanian						Irvingtonian				Cudahyan/Sappan					0.21
		Calabrian						Irvingtonian				Cudahyan/Sappan					0.774
		Calabrian						Blancan				Senecan/Rexroadian					1.4
		Gelasian															1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian								Yushean					Tertiary †		2.58
		Zanclean															3.6
								Hemphillian				Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian					4.7
										Baodean							4.9
	Miocene	Messinian															5.333
		Tortonian															7.246
								Clarendonian				Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian					9.4
										Tunggurian							11.1
		Serravallian	Cenozoic 5														11.63
		Serravallian						Barstovian				late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian					12.5
		Langhian								Shanwangian							13.82
		Burdigalian															15.98
								Hemingfordian				Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian					16.3
								Hemingfordian		Xiejiaan		Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian					16.9
								Arikareean				late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian				18.5
		Aquitanian															20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Cenozoic 4														23.03
													Monroecreekian				23.1 *
													Geringian				24.7 *
		Rupelian											Geringian				27.82
								Whitneyan									29.5
								Orellan									31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian	Cenozoic 3					Chadronian				Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian					33.9
		Priabonian						Duchesnean									37
		Bartonian						Duchesnean									37.71
		Bartonian						Uintan				Late Uintan/Early Uintan					39.7
		Lutetian	Cenozoic 2					Uintan				Late Uintan/Early Uintan					41.2
		Lutetian						Bridgerian				Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian					46.2
		Ypresian						Bridgerian				Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian					47.8
								Wasatchian				Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean					50.5
								Clarkforkian						Cf3/Cf2/Cf1			54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Cenozoic 1					Clarkforkian						Cf3/Cf2/Cf1			56
		Thanetian						Tiffanian						Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1			56.2
		Selandian						Tiffanian						Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1			59.2
		Selandian						Torrejonian						To3/To2/To1			60.9
		Danian						Torrejonian						To3/To2/To1			61.6
		Danian						Puercan						Pu3/Pu2/Pu1			63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Cretaceous 8													Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian	66
		Campanian	Cretaceous 7													Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian	72.1
		Santonian	Cretaceous 6													Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian	83.6
		Coniacian														Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian	86.3
		Turonian														Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian	89.8
		Cenomanian	Cretaceous 5													Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian	93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Cretaceous 4													Late Albian	100.5
																Middle Albian	106.2 *
																Early Albian	109.9 *
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3													Late Aptian	113
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3													Early Aptian	119.5 *
		Barremian	Cretaceous 2													Late Barremian/Early Barremian	121.4
		Hauterivian	Cretaceous 2													Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian	125.77
		Valanginian	Cretaceous 1													Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian	132.6
		Berriasian														Late Berriasian	139.8
																Middle Berriasian	140.6 *
				Early Berriasian	142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Jurassic 6	Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian	145
		Tithonian	Jurassic 6	Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian	146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian	Jurassic 5	Late Kimmeridgian		149.2
		Kimmeridgian		Early Kimmeridgian		152.2 *
		Oxfordian		Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	154.8
		Oxfordian			Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian		Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian		161.5
		Bathonian	Jurassic 4	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian		165.3
		Bajocian		Late Bajocian		168.2
		Bajocian		Early Bajocian		168.6 *
		Aalenian	Jurassic 3	Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian		170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian		Late Toarcian		174.7
				Middle Toarcian		180.4 *
				Early Toarcian		182.9 *
		Pliensbachian	Jurassic 2	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian		184.2
		Sinemurian	Jurassic 1	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian		192.9
		Hettangian	Jurassic 1	Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian		199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Triassic 4			201.4
		Norian		Sevatian		208.5
				Alaunian		213.2 *
				Lacian		216.7 *
		Carnian	Triassic 3	Tuvalian		227
		Carnian	Triassic 3	Julian		233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Triassic 2	Longobardian		237
		Ladinian		Fassanian		239.7 *
		Anisian		Illyrian		242
				Pelsonian		243.8 *
				Bithynian		244.7 *
				Aegean		245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Triassic 1	Spathian		247.2
		Olenekian		Smithian		248.9 *
		Induan		Dienerian		251.2
				Griesbachian		251.4 *
				Griesbachian		Kathwai	251.5 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Permian 4	Dorashamian		Kathwai			251.902
									252.4 *
						Chhidru			252.9 *
		Wuchiapingian		Dzhulfian		Chhidru			Longtanian †	254.14
						Kalabagh				255 *
						Wargal				256 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian		Midian						259.51
		Wordian								264.28
										265.3 *
						Amb				266.1 *
				Murgabian						266.2 *
		Roadian	Permian 3							266.9
		Roadian	Permian 3							270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Permian 2	Kubergandian				273.01
		Kungurian		Bolorian				279.8
		Artinskian		Bolorian				283.5
		Artinskian		Yakhtashian				286
		Sakmarian		Sakmarian				290.1
		Asselian	Permian 1	Asselian				293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Carboniferous 5					298.9
		Kasimovian	Carboniferous 5					303.7
		Moscovian	Carboniferous 4					307
		Bashkirian	Carboniferous 4					315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3					323.2
		Visean	Carboniferous 2					330.9
		Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1					346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Devonian 5					Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden		358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian	Devonian 4					Adorf		372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Devonian 3					Givetian		382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Devonian 3					Eifelian		387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Devonian 2					Emsian		393.3
		Pragian	Devonian 1					Siegen		407.6
		Lochkovian	Devonian 1					Gedinnine		410.8
Silurian	Pridoli		Silurian 2							419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian								423
	Ludlow	Gorstian								425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian			427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian			430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	Silurian 1		433.4
		Aeronian			438.5
		Rhuddanian			440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ordovician 5		Kosovian					443.8
		Katian			Kralodvorian					Bohdalec †	445.2
		Katian			Berounian						449.7 *
		Sandbian	Ordovician 4								453
											Zahorany †/Vinice	Letna †	456.2 *
										Liben †			458 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Ordovician 3										458.4
					Dobrotivian								458.5 *
					Oretanian								459.7 *
										Sarka †			461.7 *
		Dapingian	Ordovician 2							Klabava †			467.3
		Dapingian			Arenigian								468
	Early Ordovician	Floian			Arenigian								470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian	Ordovician 1		Tremadocian								477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Cambrian 5										Late Cambrian	485.4
		Jiangshanian												489.5
		Paibian												494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Cambrian 4										Series 3 †	Middle Cambrian	497
		Drumian	Cambrian 4												500.5
		Wuliuan	Cambrian 3						Stage 5 †						504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Cambrian 3											Early Cambrian	509
	Series 2	Stage 3	Cambrian 2												514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Cambrian 2												521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian	Cambrian 1				529
																	538.8