PBDB Timescale

Ten Million Year Bins

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 56 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 1 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ten Million Year Bins	Ordovician of the Baltic				North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand		Cambrian of Britain		Permian of North America	Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		European Faunal Units
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Cenozoic 6													Wanganui	Haweran		0
		Northgrippian																	0.0042
		Greenlandian																	0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene						Sheridanian											0.0117
		Chibanian						Sheridanian											0.129
								Cudahyan/Sappan											0.21
																	Castlecliffian		0.34
		Calabrian																	0.774
								Senecan/Rexroadian											1.4
																	Nukumaruan		1.63
		Gelasian															Nukumaruan		1.8
		Gelasian															Mangapanian		2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian															Mangapanian	Villanyian	2.58
																	Waipipian	Villanyian	3
																		Ruscinian	3.1 *
		Zanclean																	3.6
																	Opoitian		3.7
								Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian									Opoitian		4.7
	Miocene	Messinian														Taranaki	Kapitean	Turolian	5.333
		Messinian															Tongaporutuan		7.2
		Tortonian																	7.246
																		Vallesian	8.7
								Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian											9.4
																Southland	Waiauan		11.04
		Serravallian	Cenozoic 5															Astaracian	11.63
								late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian											12.5
																	Lillburnian		13.05
		Langhian															Lillburnian		13.82
																	Clifdenian		15.1
																Pareora	Altonian		15.9
		Burdigalian																Orleanian	15.98
								Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian											16.3
								late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian										18.5
																	Otaian		18.7
																		Agenian	20
		Aquitanian																	20.44
		Aquitanian														Landon	Waitakian		21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Cenozoic 4																23.03
									Monroecreekian										23.1 *
									Geringian										24.7 *
																	Duntroonian		25.2
																	Whaingaroan		27.3
		Rupelian																	27.82
		Rupelian																	29.5
	Eocene	Priabonian	Cenozoic 3					Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian											33.9
																Arnold	Runangan		34.6
																	Kaiatan		36.7
																			37
		Bartonian																	37.71
																	Bortonian		39.1
								Late Uintan/Early Uintan											39.7
		Lutetian	Cenozoic 2																41.2
																Dannevirke	Porangan		42.6
																	Heretaungan		45.7
								Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian											46.2
		Ypresian																	47.8
																	Mangaorapan		48.9
								Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean									Mangaorapan		50.5
								Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean									Waipawan		52
										Cf3/Cf2/Cf1							Waipawan		54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Cenozoic 1							Cf3/Cf2/Cf1							Teurian		56
		Thanetian								Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1									56.2
		Selandian								Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1									59.2
		Selandian								To3/To2/To1									60.9
		Danian		61.6						To3/To2/To1
		Danian		Pu3/Pu2/Pu1	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Cretaceous 8		Mata	Haumurian	66
		Campanian	Cretaceous 7			Haumurian	72.1
		Santonian	Cretaceous 6			Piripauan	83.6
		Santonian			Raukumara	Teratan	86.1
		Coniacian					86.3
		Turonian					89.8
						Mangaotanean	90.5
						Arowhanan	93.7
		Cenomanian	Cretaceous 5			Arowhanan	93.9
					Clarence	Ngaterian	95.2
						Motuan	99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Cretaceous 4			Motuan	100.5
						Urutawan	103.3
					Taitai	Korangan	108.4
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3			Korangan	113
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3				117.5
		Barremian	Cretaceous 2				121.4
		Hauterivian	Cretaceous 2				125.77
		Valanginian	Cretaceous 1				132.6
		Berriasian	Cretaceous 1				139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Jurassic 6		Oteke		Puaroan				145
		Kimmeridgian	Jurassic 5		Oteke		Puaroan				149.2
					Kawhia		Ohauan				150
							Heterian				154.5
		Oxfordian									154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian									161.5
		Callovian					Temaikan				164.3
		Bathonian	Jurassic 4								165.3
		Bajocian	Jurassic 4								168.2
		Aalenian	Jurassic 3								170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian									174.7
		Toarcian			Herangi		Ururoan				176
		Pliensbachian	Jurassic 2				Ururoan				184.2
		Pliensbachian	Jurassic 2				Aratauran				188.9
		Sinemurian	Jurassic 1								192.9
		Hettangian	Jurassic 1								199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Triassic 4		Balfour		Otapirian				201.4
		Norian					Warepan				208.5
							Otamitan				217
							Oretian				221
		Carnian	Triassic 3				Oretian				227
		Carnian	Triassic 3		Gore		Kaihikuan		227.5
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Triassic 2				Kaihikuan		237
		Ladinian					Etalian		238
		Anisian					Etalian		242
		Anisian					Malakovian		246
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Triassic 1				Malakovian		247.2
		Olenekian					Nelsonian		249
		Induan					Nelsonian		251.2
		Induan			DUrville		Makarewan		251.5
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Permian 4				Makarewan		251.902
		Changhsingian					Waiitian		253.2
		Wuchiapingian					Waiitian		254.14
		Wuchiapingian					Puruhauan		254.2
	Guadalupian	Capitanian			Aparima		Flettian		Capitanian		259.51
		Wordian					Flettian		Wordian		264.28
		Wordian					Barettian		Wordian		266
		Roadian	Permian 3					Roadian	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Permian 2					Leonardian	Cathedralian		273.01
							Mangapirian		Cathedralian		276
									Hessian		281.9 *
		Artinskian									283.5
							Telfordian				285
							Telfordian	Wolfcampian	Lenoxian		286.1 *
							288.5
		Sakmarian					290.1
		Asselian	Permian 1				Nealian		293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Carboniferous 5						Late Pennsylvanian		298.9
		Kasimovian	Carboniferous 5						Late Pennsylvanian		303.7
		Moscovian	Carboniferous 4						Middle Pennsylvanian		307
		Bashkirian	Carboniferous 4						Early Pennsylvanian		315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3						Late Mississippian		323.2
		Visean	Carboniferous 2						Middle Mississippian		330.9
		Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1						Early Mississippian		346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Devonian 5								358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian	Devonian 4								372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Devonian 3								382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Devonian 3								387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Devonian 2								393.3
		Pragian	Devonian 1			407.6
		Lochkovian	Devonian 1			410.8
Silurian	Pridoli		Silurian 2			419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian				423
	Ludlow	Gorstian				425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian				427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian				430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	Silurian 1			433.4
		Aeronian				438.5
		Rhuddanian				440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ordovician 5			Harju				Porkuni	443.8
		Katian								Pirgu	445.2
										Vormsi	449.6 *
										Nabala	Johvi †	450 *
						Viru				Rakvere		450.6 *
										Oandu		452 *
		Sandbian	Ordovician 4							Keila	Idavere †	453
										Haljala		453.9
										Kukruse		456.4 *
										Uhaku	Aluoja †	457.5 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Ordovician 3							Uhaku		458.4
										Lasnamagi		458.9 *
										Aseri		460.4 *
						Oeland				Kunda		462.9 *
										Kunda	Valaste †/Hunderum	464.3 *
										Volkhov		Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka	467.1 *
		Dapingian	Ordovician 2							Volkhov			467.3
		Dapingian								Billingen			469.3 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian											470
											Latorp †		470.1 *
										Hunneberg			473.7 *
		Tremadocian	Ordovician 1							Hunneberg			477.7
										Varangu			481.3 *
										Pakerort			482.2 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Cambrian 5							Pakerort			Merioneth	Dolgellian/Trempealeauan	485.4
															486.3 *
															486.5
														Festiniogian	489.2 *
		Jiangshanian												Festiniogian	489.5
		Jiangshanian												Maentwrogian	493.1 *
		Paibian												Maentwrogian	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Cambrian 4										St Davids		497
		Drumian	Cambrian 4												500.5
		Wuliuan	Cambrian 3												504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Cambrian 3										Caerfai		509
	Series 2	Stage 3	Cambrian 2												514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Cambrian 2												521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian	Cambrian 1												529
																			538.8