PBDB Timescale

Ten Million Year Bins

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
Z.-X. Qiu and Z.-D. Qiu. 1995. Chronological sequence and subdivision of Chinese Neogene mammalian faunas. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 116(1-2):41-70 view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view

There are 56 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 1 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ten Million Year Bins	Ordovician of the Baltic				Cenozoic Subepochs	Permian of the Pamirs	Neogene Mammal Ages of China	Devonian of Germany	North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Obsolete Names for ICS Units	Mesozoic Subages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Cenozoic 6															0
		Northgrippian																0.0042
		Greenlandian																0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene						Late Pleistocene		Nihewanian		Sheridanian						0.0117
		Chibanian						Middle Pleistocene				Sheridanian						0.129
		Chibanian						Middle Pleistocene				Cudahyan/Sappan						0.21
		Calabrian						Early Pleistocene				Cudahyan/Sappan						0.774
		Calabrian										Senecan/Rexroadian						1.4
		Gelasian																1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian						Late Pliocene		Yushean					Tertiary †			2.58
		Zanclean						Early Pliocene										3.6
												Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian						4.7
										Baodean								4.9
	Miocene	Messinian						Late Miocene										5.333
		Tortonian																7.246
												Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian						9.4
										Tunggurian								11.1
		Serravallian	Cenozoic 5					Middle Miocene										11.63
		Serravallian										late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian						12.5
		Langhian								Shanwangian								13.82
		Burdigalian						Early Miocene										15.98
												Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian						16.3
										Xiejiaan		Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian						16.9
												late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian					18.5
		Aquitanian																20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Cenozoic 4					Late Oligocene										23.03
													Monroecreekian					23.1 *
													Geringian					24.7 *
		Rupelian						Early Oligocene					Geringian					27.82
		Rupelian						Early Oligocene										29.5
	Eocene	Priabonian	Cenozoic 3					Late Eocene				Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian						33.9
		Priabonian						Late Eocene										37
		Bartonian						Middle Eocene										37.71
		Bartonian										Late Uintan/Early Uintan						39.7
		Lutetian	Cenozoic 2									Late Uintan/Early Uintan						41.2
		Lutetian										Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian						46.2
		Ypresian						Early Eocene				Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian						47.8
												Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean						50.5
														Cf3/Cf2/Cf1				54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Cenozoic 1					Late Paleocene						Cf3/Cf2/Cf1				56
		Thanetian						Late Paleocene						Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1				56.2
		Selandian						Middle Paleocene						Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1				59.2
		Selandian						Middle Paleocene						To3/To2/To1				60.9
		Danian						Early Paleocene						To3/To2/To1				61.6
		Danian						Early Paleocene						Pu3/Pu2/Pu1				63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Cretaceous 8													Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian		66
		Campanian	Cretaceous 7													Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian		72.1
		Santonian	Cretaceous 6													Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian		83.6
		Coniacian														Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian		86.3
		Turonian														Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian		89.8
		Cenomanian	Cretaceous 5													Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian		93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Cretaceous 4													Late Albian		100.5
																Middle Albian		106.2 *
																Early Albian		109.9 *
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3													Late Aptian		113
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3													Early Aptian		119.5 *
		Barremian	Cretaceous 2													Late Barremian/Early Barremian		121.4
		Hauterivian	Cretaceous 2													Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian		125.77
		Valanginian	Cretaceous 1													Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian		132.6
		Berriasian														Late Berriasian		139.8
																Middle Berriasian		140.6 *
																Early Berriasian		142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Jurassic 6													Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian	145
		Tithonian	Jurassic 6													Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian	146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian	Jurassic 5	Late Kimmeridgian		149.2
		Kimmeridgian		Early Kimmeridgian		152.2 *
		Oxfordian		Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	154.8
		Oxfordian			Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian		Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian		161.5
		Bathonian	Jurassic 4	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian		165.3
		Bajocian		Late Bajocian		168.2
		Bajocian		Early Bajocian		168.6 *
		Aalenian	Jurassic 3	Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian		170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian		Late Toarcian		174.7
				Middle Toarcian		180.4 *
				Early Toarcian		182.9 *
		Pliensbachian	Jurassic 2	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian		184.2
		Sinemurian	Jurassic 1	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian		192.9
		Hettangian	Jurassic 1	Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian		199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Triassic 4			201.4
		Norian		Sevatian		208.5
				Alaunian		213.2 *
				Lacian		216.7 *
		Carnian	Triassic 3	Tuvalian		227
		Carnian	Triassic 3	Julian		233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Triassic 2	Longobardian		237
		Ladinian		Fassanian		239.7 *
		Anisian		Illyrian		242
				Pelsonian		243.8 *
				Bithynian		244.7 *
				Aegean		245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Triassic 1	Spathian		247.2
		Olenekian		Smithian		248.9 *
		Induan		Dienerian		251.2
				Griesbachian		251.4 *
				Griesbachian		Kathwai	251.5 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Permian 4	Dorashamian		Kathwai			251.902
									252.4 *
						Chhidru			252.9 *
		Wuchiapingian		Dzhulfian		Chhidru			Longtanian †	254.14
						Kalabagh				255 *
						Wargal				256 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian		Midian						259.51
		Wordian								264.28
										265.3 *
						Amb				266.1 *
				Murgabian						266.2 *
		Roadian	Permian 3							266.9
		Roadian	Permian 3							270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Permian 2	Kubergandian				273.01
		Kungurian		Bolorian				279.8
		Artinskian		Bolorian				283.5
		Artinskian		Yakhtashian				286
		Sakmarian		Sakmarian				290.1
		Asselian	Permian 1	Asselian				293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Carboniferous 5					298.9
		Kasimovian	Carboniferous 5					303.7
		Moscovian	Carboniferous 4					307
		Bashkirian	Carboniferous 4					315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3					323.2
		Visean	Carboniferous 2					330.9
		Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1					346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Devonian 5					Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden		358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian	Devonian 4					Adorf		372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Devonian 3					Givetian		382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Devonian 3					Eifelian		387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Devonian 2					Emsian		393.3
		Pragian	Devonian 1					Siegen		407.6
		Lochkovian	Devonian 1					Gedinnine		410.8
Silurian	Pridoli		Silurian 2							419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian								423
	Ludlow	Gorstian								425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian			427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian			430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	Silurian 1		433.4
		Aeronian			438.5
		Rhuddanian			440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ordovician 5		Harju					Porkuni	443.8
		Katian								Pirgu	445.2
										Vormsi	449.6 *
										Nabala	Johvi †	450 *
					Viru					Rakvere		450.6 *
										Oandu		452 *
		Sandbian	Ordovician 4							Keila	Idavere †	453
										Haljala		453.9
										Kukruse		456.4 *
										Uhaku	Aluoja †	457.5 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Ordovician 3							Uhaku		458.4
										Lasnamagi		458.9 *
										Aseri		460.4 *
					Oeland					Kunda		462.9 *
										Kunda	Valaste †/Hunderum	464.3 *
										Volkhov		Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka	467.1 *
		Dapingian	Ordovician 2							Volkhov			467.3
		Dapingian								Billingen			469.3 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian											470
											Latorp †		470.1 *
										Hunneberg			473.7 *
		Tremadocian	Ordovician 1							Hunneberg			477.7
										Varangu			481.3 *
							Pakerort			482.2 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Cambrian 5				Pakerort				Late Cambrian		485.4
													486.3 *
													486.5
		Jiangshanian											489.5
		Paibian											494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Cambrian 4						Series 3 †		Middle Cambrian		497
		Drumian	Cambrian 4										500.5
		Wuliuan	Cambrian 3										Stage 5 †	504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Cambrian 3										Early Cambrian	509
	Series 2	Stage 3	Cambrian 2											514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Cambrian 2											521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian	Cambrian 1			529
																		538.8