PBDB Timescale

Ten Million Year Bins

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
D. H. Erwin and S. A. Bowring. 2004. Cambrian time scale. view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view

There are 56 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 1 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ten Million Year Bins	Ordovician of the Baltic				Carboniferous of China	Carboniferous of North America	Cambrian of Siberia			Carbo-Permian of the Russian Platform	North American Land Mammal Ages	South American Land Mammal Ages		Permian of Western Europe
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Cenozoic 6											Saintaugustinean				0
		Meghalayan												Santarosean				0.0004
		Northgrippian																0.0042
		Greenlandian																0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene													Lujanian			0.0117
		Late Pleistocene												Rancholabrean				0.014
		Chibanian												Rancholabrean				0.129
														Irvingtonian				0.21
															Ensenadan			0.3 *
		Calabrian																0.774
														Blancan				1.4
															Sanandresian	Uquian †		1.7 *
		Gelasian													Sanandresian			1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian													Vorohuean			2.58
		Piacenzian													Chapadmalalan			2.9 *
		Zanclean													Chapadmalalan			3.6
															Montehermosan			3.7 *
														Hemphillian	Montehermosan			4.7
															Huayquerian			4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian																5.333
		Tortonian																7.246
															Chasicoan			7.9 *
														Clarendonian	Chasicoan			9.4
															Mayoan			9.9 *
															Laventan			10.9 *
		Serravallian	Cenozoic 5															11.63
														Barstovian				12.5
															Colloncuran			13.7 *
		Langhian													Colloncuran			13.82
		Langhian													Friasian			15.4 *
		Burdigalian													Friasian			15.98
															Santacrucian			16.2 *
														Hemingfordian	Santacrucian			16.3
														Hemingfordian	Colhuehuapian			17.4 *
														Arikareean				18.5
		Aquitanian																20.44
		Aquitanian													Deseadan			20.9 *
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Cenozoic 4															23.03
		Rupelian																27.82
															Tinguirirican			28.9 *
														Whitneyan				29.5
														Orellan				31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian	Cenozoic 3											Chadronian				33.9
														Chadronian	Divisaderan			35.9 *
														Duchesnean				37
		Bartonian												Duchesnean				37.71
		Bartonian												Uintan				39.7
		Lutetian	Cenozoic 2															41.2
															Mustersan			41.9 *
														Bridgerian				46.2
		Ypresian																47.8
															Casamayoran			47.9 *
														Wasatchian				50.5
														Clarkforkian				54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Cenozoic 1											Clarkforkian	Riochican			56
														Tiffanian	Riochican			56.2
															Itaboraian			56.9 *
															Peligran			58.9 *
		Selandian																59.2
		Selandian												Torrejonian				60.9
		Danian																61.6
															Tiupampan			62.4 *
														Puercan	Tiupampan			63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Cretaceous 8															66
		Campanian	Cretaceous 7	72.1
		Santonian	Cretaceous 6	83.6
		Coniacian		86.3
		Turonian		89.8
		Cenomanian	Cretaceous 5	93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Cretaceous 4	100.5
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3	113
		Barremian	Cretaceous 2	121.4
		Hauterivian	Cretaceous 2	125.77
		Valanginian	Cretaceous 1	132.6
		Berriasian	Cretaceous 1	139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Jurassic 6	145
		Kimmeridgian	Jurassic 5	149.2
		Oxfordian		154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian		161.5
		Bathonian	Jurassic 4	165.3
		Bajocian	Jurassic 4	168.2
		Aalenian	Jurassic 3	170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Jurassic 3	174.7
		Pliensbachian	Jurassic 2	184.2
		Sinemurian	Jurassic 1	192.9
		Hettangian	Jurassic 1	199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Triassic 4	201.4
		Norian	Triassic 4	208.5
		Carnian	Triassic 3	227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Triassic 2	237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian	Triassic 2	242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Triassic 1	247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan	Triassic 1	251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Permian 4	Melekhovian	251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian			Zechstein	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian			Rotliegendes	259.51
		Wordian				264.28
		Wordian		Noginskian		264.9 *
		Roadian	Permian 3			266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Permian 2			273.01
		Kungurian		Pavlovoposadian		276.8 *
		Artinskian		Pavlovoposadian	Autunian	283.5
		Artinskian		Rusavkinian		287.6 *
		Sakmarian				290.1
		Asselian	Permian 1			Bursumian †	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Carboniferous 5		Virgilian		298.9
		Gzhelian			Virgilian		Xiaodushanian	300 *
		Kasimovian		Missourian	Dorogomilovian			303.7
					Khamovnikian			304.8
					Dalaun		Krevyakinian	305.8 *
				Desmoinesian			Krevyakinian	305.9 *
		Moscovian	Carboniferous 4				Myachkovian	307
							Podolskian	308.9 *
							Kashirian	311.4 *
				Atokan			Kashirian	312.7 *
							Vereian	313.8
							Melekessian	314.8
		Bashkirian					Melekessian	315.2
							Cheremshanian	316.9 *
				Morrowan				318.4 *
					Huashibanian			318.5 *
							Prikamian	318.6 *
							Severokeltmian	319.9 *
					Lousuan		Krasnopolyanian	321.2 *
					Lousuan		Voznesenian	321.9 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3	Dewunian	Chesterian		Zapaltjubian	323.2
							Protvian	324.4 *
							Steshevian	326.8 *
							Tarusian	329 *
				Shangsian			Tarusian	330.8 *
		Visean	Carboniferous 2				Venevian	330.9
							Mikhailovian	331.9 *
							Aleksinian	333.7 *
				Jiusian			Aleksinian	335 *
					Meramecian		Tulian	335.8 *
					Meramecian		Bobrikian	339.9 *
					Osagean		Bobrikian	343.1 *
							Radaevkian	343.4 *
		Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1	Tangbagouan			Kosvian	346.7
							Kizelian	350.7 *
					Kinderhookian		Cherepetian	351.9 *
							Karakubian	354.4 *
							Upinian	356.3 *
							Malevkian	357.6 *
							Gumerovian	358 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Devonian 5					358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian	Devonian 4					372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Devonian 3					382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Devonian 3					387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Devonian 2					393.3
		Pragian	Devonian 1					407.6
		Lochkovian	Devonian 1					410.8
Silurian	Pridoli		Silurian 2					419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian						423
	Ludlow	Gorstian						425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian						427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian						430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	Silurian 1					433.4
		Aeronian						438.5
		Rhuddanian						440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ordovician 5					Harju	Porkuni	Hirnantian	Xiaoxita †/Shikou	Wufeng †	443.8
		Katian							Pirgu	Chientangkiangian		Wufeng †	445.2
									Pirgu	Neichianshanian/Hanjiang			449.5
									Vormsi				449.6 *
									Nabala				Johvi †	450 *
								Viru	Rakvere					450.6 *
									Oandu					452 *
		Sandbian	Ordovician 4						Keila				Idavere †	453
									Haljala					453.9
						Kukruse			456.4 *
						Uhaku			Aluoja †				457.5 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Ordovician 3			Uhaku				Darriwilian	Guniu †/Hulo		458.4
						Lasnamagi							458.9 *
						Aseri							460.4 *
						Oeland		Kunda					462.9 *
									Valaste †/Hunderum				464.3 *
											Hunjiang †	Dawan †/Daobaowan/Ningkuo	466.3 *
								Volkhov					Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka	467.1 *
		Dapingian	Ordovician 2					Volkhov		Dapingian				467.3
		Dapingian						Billingen		Dapingian				469.3 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian								Yiyangian				470
									Latorp †					470.1 *
								Hunneberg						473.7 *
		Tremadocian	Ordovician 1							Xinchangian				477.7
												Lianghekou †		477.9 *
								Varangu						481.3 *
								Pakerort						482.2 *
														Mansian †	483.55 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Cambrian 5							Batyrbaian	Tavgian †	Ketyan †/Yurakian					485.4
																	486.3 *
																	486.5
		Jiangshanian															489.5
										Aksaian							490.7 *
										Sakian							492.2 *
		Paibian															494
		Paibian										Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian					494.7 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Cambrian 4							Ayusokkanian							497
		Guzhangian								Mayan/Menevian							499.5
		Drumian								Mayan/Menevian							500.5
		Wuliuan	Cambrian 3							Amgan/Solvan							504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4								Amgan/Solvan							509
										Toyonian	Lenian †						510 *
										Botomian							512.5 *
		Stage 3	Cambrian 2							Botomian							514
		Stage 3								Atdabanian							515.6 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2								Tommotian							521
		Stage 2								Nemakit-Daldynian							525.5
		Fortunian	Cambrian 1							Nemakit-Daldynian	Manykaian †						529
																		538.8