PBDB Timescale

Ten Million Year Bins

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view

There are 56 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 1 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ten Million Year Bins	Ordovician of the Baltic				Ammonite Chrons of North America			Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		Permian of Western Europe	Permian of the Pamirs	Silurian Ages of Europe	Mesozoic Subages		Obsolete Names for ICS Units
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Cenozoic 6																0
		Northgrippian																	0.0042
		Greenlandian																	0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene																	0.0117
		Chibanian																	0.129
		Calabrian																	0.774
		Gelasian																	1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian																Tertiary †	2.58
	Pliocene	Zanclean																	3.6
	Miocene	Messinian																	5.333
		Tortonian																	7.246
		Serravallian	Cenozoic 5																11.63
		Langhian																	13.82
		Burdigalian																	15.98
		Aquitanian																	20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Cenozoic 4								Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian							23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian	Cenozoic 4								Kekeamuan	Hsandagolian							27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian	Cenozoic 3								Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian								33.9
		Bartonian	Cenozoic 3								Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan								37.71
		Lutetian	Cenozoic 2																41.2
		Ypresian	Cenozoic 2									Bumbanian							47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Cenozoic 1								Gashatan								56
		Selandian																	59.2
		Danian																	61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Cretaceous 8													Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian			66
		Campanian	Cretaceous 7													Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian			72.1
		Santonian	Cretaceous 6													Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian			83.6
		Coniacian														Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian			86.3
		Turonian														Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian			89.8
		Cenomanian	Cretaceous 5													Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian			93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Cretaceous 4													Late Albian			100.5
																Middle Albian			106.2 *
																Early Albian			109.9 *
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3													Late Aptian			113
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3													Early Aptian			119.5 *
		Barremian	Cretaceous 2													Late Barremian/Early Barremian			121.4
		Hauterivian	Cretaceous 2													Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian			125.77
		Valanginian	Cretaceous 1													Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian			132.6
		Berriasian														Late Berriasian			139.8
																Middle Berriasian			140.6 *
																Early Berriasian			142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Jurassic 6													Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian		145
		Tithonian	Jurassic 6													Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian		146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian	Jurassic 5													Late Kimmeridgian			149.2
		Kimmeridgian														Early Kimmeridgian			152.2 *
		Oxfordian														Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian		154.8
		Oxfordian															Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian		157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian														Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian			161.5
		Bathonian	Jurassic 4													Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian			165.3
		Bajocian						Epizigzagiceras								Late Bajocian			168.2
								Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense								Late Bajocian			168.4
								Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense								Early Bajocian			168.6 *
		Aalenian	Jurassic 3					Howelli/Scissum/Westermanni								Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian			170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian						Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta								Late Toarcian			174.7
								Planulata											179.3 *
										Arnioceras arnouldi									179.8 *
																Middle Toarcian			180.4 *
								Kanense											181.3 *
								Carlottense											182.3 *
								Carlottense								Early Toarcian			182.9 *
								Kunae								Early Toarcian			183.5 *
		Pliensbachian	Jurassic 2					Kunae								Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian			184.2
								Freboldi											185.1 *
								Whiteavesi/Imlayi	Tetraspidoceras										186.2 *
					189.2 *				Tetraspidoceras
				Plesechioceras harbledownense/Asteroceras varians/Coroniceras	Canadensis	190.3 *
		Sinemurian	Jurassic 1			Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian	192.9
				Pseudaetomoceras			Psiloceras	196.4 *
				Franziceras/Euphyllites				196.5 *
		Hettangian		Franziceras/Euphyllites		Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian		199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Triassic 4					201.4
		Norian					Sevatian	208.5
							Alaunian	213.2 *
							Lacian	216.7 *
		Carnian	Triassic 3				Tuvalian	227
		Carnian	Triassic 3				Julian	233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Triassic 2				Longobardian	237
		Ladinian					Fassanian	239.7 *
		Anisian					Illyrian	242
							Pelsonian	243.8 *
							Bithynian	244.7 *
							Aegean	245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Triassic 1				Spathian	247.2
		Olenekian					Smithian	248.9 *
		Induan					Dienerian	251.2
		Induan					Griesbachian	251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Permian 4				Dorashamian		251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian					Zechstein		Dzhulfian	Longtanian †	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian					Rotliegendes		Midian		259.51
		Wordian							Midian		264.28
		Wordian							Murgabian		266.2 *
		Roadian	Permian 3						Murgabian		266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Permian 2						Kubergandian		273.01
		Kungurian							Bolorian		279.8
		Artinskian					Autunian		Bolorian		283.5
		Artinskian							Yakhtashian		286
		Sakmarian							Sakmarian		290.1
		Asselian	Permian 1						Asselian		293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Carboniferous 5								298.9
		Kasimovian	Carboniferous 5								303.7
		Moscovian	Carboniferous 4								307
		Bashkirian	Carboniferous 4								315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3								323.2
		Visean	Carboniferous 2								330.9
		Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1								346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Devonian 5								Late Famennian	358.9
											Middle Famennian	365.3 *
											Early Famennian	368.5 *
		Frasnian	Devonian 4								Late Frasnian	372.2
											Middle Frasnian	375.4 *
											Early Frasnian	379.3 *
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Devonian 3								Late Givetian	382.7
											Middle Givetian	383.7 *
											Early Givetian	385.9 *
		Eifelian									Late Eifelian	387.7
		Eifelian									Early Eifelian	390.3 *
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Devonian 2								Late Emsian	393.3
		Emsian	Devonian 2								Early Emsian	398.3 *
		Pragian	Devonian 1								Pragian	407.6
		Lochkovian									Late Lochkovian	410.8
											Middle Lochkovian	412.8 *
											Early Lochkovian	415.6 *
Silurian	Pridoli		Silurian 2									419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian										423
	Ludlow	Gorstian										425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian										Gleedonian	427.4
		Homerian										Whitwellian	429.7 *
		Sheinwoodian											430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	Silurian 1										433.4
		Aeronian											438.5
		Rhuddanian											440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ordovician 5										Harju	Porkuni	443.8
		Katian			Pirgu									445.2
					Vormsi									449.6 *
				Nabala	Johvi †	450 *
				Viru		Rakvere							450.6 *
						Oandu							452 *
		Sandbian	Ordovician 4		Keila	Idavere †							453
					Haljala								453.9
					Kukruse								456.4 *
					Uhaku	Aluoja †							457.5 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Ordovician 3		Uhaku								458.4
					Lasnamagi								458.9 *
					Aseri								460.4 *
				Oeland	Kunda								462.9 *
					Kunda	Valaste †/Hunderum							464.3 *
					Volkhov								Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka	467.1 *
		Dapingian	Ordovician 2		Volkhov									467.3
		Dapingian			Billingen									469.3 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian												470
						Latorp †							470.1 *
					Hunneberg								473.7 *
		Tremadocian	Ordovician 1		Hunneberg					477.7
					Varangu					481.3 *
					Pakerort					482.2 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Cambrian 5		Pakerort					Niuchehean			Taoyuanian †	485.4
														486.3 *
														486.5
		Jiangshanian								Jiangshanian				489.5
		Paibian								Paibian				494
		Paibian								Paibian			Waergangian †/Youshuanian	494.9 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Cambrian 4							Guzhangian			Wangcunian †	Series 3 †	497
		Drumian	Cambrian 4				Drumian		500.5				Wangcunian †
		Wuliuan	Cambrian 3				Wuliuan/Taijangian			Stage 5 †			504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Cambrian 3				Duyunian							509
	Series 2	Stage 3	Cambrian 2				Nangaoian							514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Cambrian 2				Meishucunian							521
		Fortunian	Cambrian 1				Meishucunian							529
		Fortunian	Cambrian 1				Jinnigian							530.7
																			538.8