PBDB Timescale

Ten Million Year Bins

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
M. Freudenthal. 2006. Mammal Paleogene zones. personal communication view

There are 56 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 1 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ten Million Year Bins	Ordovician of Britain				North American Land Mammal Ages	Silurian of England		Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Permian of China	Ammonite Chrons of Northwest Europe		Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		Cenozoic Subepochs	Mammal Paleogene Zones
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Cenozoic 6					Saintaugustinean			Wanganui	Haweran									0
		Meghalayan						Santarosean													0.0004
		Northgrippian																			0.0042
		Greenlandian																			0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene																Late Pleistocene			0.0117
		Late Pleistocene						Rancholabrean										Late Pleistocene			0.014
		Chibanian						Rancholabrean										Middle Pleistocene			0.129
								Irvingtonian													0.21
												Castlecliffian									0.34
		Calabrian																Early Pleistocene			0.774
								Blancan													1.4
												Nukumaruan									1.63
		Gelasian										Nukumaruan									1.8
		Gelasian										Mangapanian									2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian										Mangapanian						Late Pliocene			2.58
		Piacenzian										Waipipian						Late Pliocene			3
		Zanclean										Waipipian						Early Pliocene			3.6
												Opoitian									3.7
								Hemphillian				Opoitian									4.7
	Miocene	Messinian									Taranaki	Kapitean						Late Miocene			5.333
		Messinian										Tongaporutuan									7.2
		Tortonian																			7.246
								Clarendonian													9.4
											Southland	Waiauan									11.04
		Serravallian	Cenozoic 5															Middle Miocene			11.63
								Barstovian													12.5
												Lillburnian									13.05
		Langhian										Lillburnian									13.82
												Clifdenian									15.1
											Pareora	Altonian									15.9
		Burdigalian																Early Miocene			15.98
								Hemingfordian													16.3
								Arikareean													18.5
												Otaian									18.7
		Aquitanian										Otaian									20.44
		Aquitanian									Landon	Waitakian									21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Cenozoic 4									Waitakian				Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian	Late Oligocene	MP 30/MP 29/MP 28/MP 27/MP 26	MP 25	23.03
												Duntroonian									25.2
												Whaingaroan									27.3
		Rupelian														Kekeamuan		Early Oligocene	MP 24/MP 23/MP 22/MP 21		27.82
								Whitneyan													29.5
								Orellan													31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian	Cenozoic 3					Chadronian								Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian		Late Eocene	MP 20/MP 19/MP 18/MP 17B/MP 17A		33.9
											Arnold	Runangan									34.6
												Kaiatan									36.7
								Duchesnean													37
		Bartonian														Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan		Middle Eocene	MP 16		37.71
												Bortonian									39.1
								Uintan													39.7
		Lutetian	Cenozoic 2																MP 15/MP 14/MP 13/MP 12/MP 11		41.2
											Dannevirke	Porangan									42.6
												Heretaungan									45.7
								Bridgerian													46.2
		Ypresian															Bumbanian	Early Eocene	MP 10/MP 8 + 9/MP 7		47.8
												Mangaorapan									48.9
								Wasatchian				Mangaorapan									50.5
								Wasatchian				Waipawan									52
								Clarkforkian				Waipawan									54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Cenozoic 1					Clarkforkian				Teurian				Gashatan		Late Paleocene	MP 6	MP 1 - 5	56
		Thanetian						Tiffanian								Gashatan		Late Paleocene	MP 6		56.2
		Selandian						Tiffanian										Middle Paleocene			59.2
		Selandian						Torrejonian										Middle Paleocene			60.9
		Danian						Torrejonian										Early Paleocene			61.6
		Danian						Puercan										Early Paleocene			63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Cretaceous 8		Mata	Haumurian			66
		Campanian	Cretaceous 7			Haumurian			72.1
		Santonian	Cretaceous 6			Piripauan			83.6
		Santonian			Raukumara	Teratan			86.1
		Coniacian							86.3
		Turonian							89.8
						Mangaotanean			90.5
						Arowhanan			93.7
		Cenomanian	Cretaceous 5			Arowhanan			93.9
					Clarence	Ngaterian			95.2
						Motuan			99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Cretaceous 4			Motuan			100.5
						Urutawan			103.3
					Taitai	Korangan			108.4
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3			Korangan			113
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3						117.5
		Barremian	Cretaceous 2						121.4
		Hauterivian	Cretaceous 2						125.77
		Valanginian	Cretaceous 1						132.6
		Berriasian	Cretaceous 1						139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Jurassic 6						145
		Kimmeridgian	Jurassic 5						149.2
		Oxfordian							154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian							161.5
		Bathonian	Jurassic 4						165.3
		Bajocian							Parkinsoni/Garantiana/Subfurcatum/Sauzei/Laeviuscula/Discites	168.2
		Bajocian								Humphresianum	168.4
		Aalenian	Jurassic 3						Concavum/Murchisonae/Opalinum		170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian							Levesquei/Variabilis/Bifrons	Thouarsense	174.7
									Levesquei/Variabilis/Bifrons		180.1
									Serpentinum/Falciferum/Tenuicostatum		182
		Pliensbachian	Jurassic 2						Spinatum/Margaritatus/Davoei/Ibex/Jamesoni		184.2
		Sinemurian	Jurassic 1						Raricostatum/Oxynotum/Obtusum/Turneri/Semicostatum/Bucklandi		192.9
		Hettangian	Jurassic 1						Angulata/Liasicus/Planorbis		199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Triassic 4								201.4
		Norian	Triassic 4								208.5
		Carnian	Triassic 3								227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Triassic 2								237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian	Triassic 2								242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Triassic 1								247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan	Triassic 1								251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Permian 4								Meishanian	251.902
		Changhsingian									Baoqingian	253.4 *
		Wuchiapingian									Laoshanian	254.14
		Wuchiapingian									Laibinian	257.7 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian									Lengwuan	259.51
		Wordian									Kuhfengian	264.28
		Roadian	Permian 3								Kuhfengian	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Permian 2								Luodianian	273.01
		Artinskian									Luodianian	283.5
		Artinskian									Longlinian	285.4 *
		Sakmarian									Longlinian	290.1
		Asselian	Permian 1								Zisongian	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Carboniferous 5								Zisongian	298.9
		Gzhelian										300.1
		Kasimovian										303.7
		Moscovian	Carboniferous 4									307
		Bashkirian	Carboniferous 4									315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3									323.2
		Visean	Carboniferous 2									330.9
		Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1									346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Devonian 5									358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian	Devonian 4									372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Devonian 3									382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Devonian 3	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Devonian 2	393.3
		Pragian	Devonian 1	407.6
		Lochkovian	Devonian 1	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli		Silurian 2	Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle			Whitcliffe/Leintwardine	419.2
	Pridoli			Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle			Bringewood/Elton	421.3
	Ludlow	Ludfordian		Coalbrookdale			Wenlock (England)/Tickwood	423
		Gorstian						425.6
		Gorstian					Buildwas	426.4 *
	Wenlock	Homerian					Buildwas	427.4
		Homerian		Wych			Woolhope	428.4 *
		Sheinwoodian						430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	Silurian 1					433.4
		Telychian						436.3 *
		Aeronian						438.5
		Aeronian		Cowleigh Park		439.3 *
		Rhuddanian		Cowleigh Park		440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ordovician 5	Ashgill		Hirnantian						Kosovian	443.8
		Katian				Rawtheyan						Kralodvorian	Bohdalec †	445.2
						Cautleyan								448.9 *
					Pusgillian	449.3 *
				Caradoc	Streffordian	Onnian †								449.6 *
					Streffordian							Berounian		449.7 *
					Cheneyan									451.5 *
					Burrellian									452.7 *
		Sandbian	Ordovician 4											453
						Actonian †								453.2 *
						Marshbrookian †								Woolstonian †	454.2 *
						Longvillian †									455.2 *
										Zahorany †/Vinice					Letna †	456.2 *
					Aurelucian											456.8 *
						Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian										457.4 *
						Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian				Liben †						458 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Ordovician 3	Llanvirn	Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn											458.4
									Dobrotivian			458.5 *
									Oretanian			459.7 *
					Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn							461.3 *
										Sarka †					461.7 *
		Dapingian	Ordovician 2							Klabava †					467.3
									Arenigian						468
				Arenig	Fennian										468.4 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian			Fennian										470
					Whitlandian										471.1 *
					Moridunian										474.3 *
		Tremadocian	Ordovician 1	Tremadoc	Migneintian				Tremadocian						477.7
				Tremadoc	Cressagian										480.8 *
															485 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Cambrian 5												485.4
		Jiangshanian													489.5
		Paibian													494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Cambrian 4												497
		Drumian	Cambrian 4												500.5
		Wuliuan	Cambrian 3												504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Cambrian 3												509
	Series 2	Stage 3	Cambrian 2								514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Cambrian 2								521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian	Cambrian 1								529
																					538.8