PBDB Timescale

Ten Million Year Bins

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
Z.-X. Qiu and Z.-D. Qiu. 1995. Chronological sequence and subdivision of Chinese Neogene mammalian faunas. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 116(1-2):41-70 view

There are 56 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 1 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ten Million Year Bins	Ordovician of Britain				Carboniferous of North America	Permo-Triassic Subages of Eastern Europe	Carboniferous of Western Europe		Carboniferous of China	Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand		Obsolete Names for ICS Units	Mesozoic Subages		Neogene Mammal Ages of China
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Cenozoic 6																0
		Northgrippian																	0.0042
		Greenlandian																	0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene																Nihewanian	0.0117
		Chibanian																	0.129
		Calabrian																	0.774
		Gelasian																	1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian													Tertiary †			Yushean	2.58
		Zanclean																Yushean	3.6
		Zanclean																Baodean	4.9
	Miocene	Messinian																	5.333
		Tortonian																	7.246
		Tortonian																Tunggurian	11.1
		Serravallian	Cenozoic 5															Tunggurian	11.63
		Langhian																Shanwangian	13.82
		Burdigalian																Shanwangian	15.98
		Burdigalian																Xiejiaan	16.9
		Aquitanian																Xiejiaan	20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Cenozoic 4																23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian	Cenozoic 4																27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian	Cenozoic 3																33.9
		Bartonian	Cenozoic 3																37.71
		Lutetian	Cenozoic 2																41.2
		Ypresian	Cenozoic 2																47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Cenozoic 1																56
		Selandian																	59.2
		Danian																	61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Cretaceous 8													Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian			66
		Campanian	Cretaceous 7													Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian			72.1
		Santonian	Cretaceous 6													Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian			83.6
		Coniacian														Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian			86.3
		Turonian														Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian			89.8
		Cenomanian	Cretaceous 5													Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian			93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Cretaceous 4													Late Albian			100.5
																Middle Albian			106.2 *
																Early Albian			109.9 *
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3													Late Aptian			113
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3													Early Aptian			119.5 *
		Barremian	Cretaceous 2													Late Barremian/Early Barremian			121.4
		Hauterivian	Cretaceous 2													Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian			125.77
		Valanginian	Cretaceous 1													Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian			132.6
		Berriasian														Late Berriasian			139.8
																Middle Berriasian			140.6 *
																Early Berriasian			142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Jurassic 6										Oteke	Puaroan		Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian		145
		Tithonian	Jurassic 6													Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian		146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian	Jurassic 5													Late Kimmeridgian			149.2
													Kawhia	Ohauan		Late Kimmeridgian			150
														Ohauan		Early Kimmeridgian			152.2 *
														Heterian		Early Kimmeridgian			154.5
		Oxfordian														Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian		154.8
		Oxfordian															Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian		157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian														Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian			161.5
		Callovian												Temaikan		Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian			164.3
		Bathonian	Jurassic 4													Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian			165.3
		Bajocian														Late Bajocian			168.2
		Bajocian														Early Bajocian			168.6 *
		Aalenian	Jurassic 3													Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian			170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian														Late Toarcian			174.7
													Herangi	Ururoan		Late Toarcian			176
																Middle Toarcian			180.4 *
																Early Toarcian			182.9 *
		Pliensbachian	Jurassic 2													Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian			184.2
		Pliensbachian	Jurassic 2											Aratauran		Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian			188.9
		Sinemurian	Jurassic 1	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian	192.9
		Hettangian	Jurassic 1	Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian	199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Triassic 4	Balfour	Otapirian		201.4
		Norian			Warepan	Sevatian	208.5
						Alaunian	213.2 *
						Lacian	216.7 *
					Otamitan		217
					Oretian		221
		Carnian	Triassic 3		Oretian	Tuvalian	227
				Gore	Kaihikuan	Tuvalian	227.5
						Julian	233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Triassic 2			Longobardian	237
					Etalian	Longobardian	238
						Fassanian	239.7 *
		Anisian				Illyrian	242
						Pelsonian	243.8 *
						Bithynian	244.7 *
						Aegean	245.5 *
					Malakovian	Aegean	246
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Triassic 1			Vokhmian	Spathian	247.2
							Smithian	248.9 *
					Nelsonian		Smithian	249
		Induan					Dienerian	251.2
							Griesbachian	251.4 *
				DUrville	Makarewan		Griesbachian	251.5
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Permian 4		Makarewan			251.902
		Changhsingian			Waiitian			253.2
		Wuchiapingian			Waiitian	Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian		Longtanian †	254.14
		Wuchiapingian			Puruhauan	Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian		Longtanian †	254.2
	Guadalupian	Capitanian		Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian	Aparima	Flettian			259.51
		Wordian		Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian		Flettian			264.28
		Wordian		Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian		Barettian			266
		Roadian	Permian 3	Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian					266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Permian 2						273.01
		Kungurian				Mangapirian			276
		Artinskian				Mangapirian			283.5
						Telfordian			285
									288.5
		Sakmarian							290.1
		Asselian	Permian 1						Bursumian †	293.52
		Asselian	Permian 1						Bursumian †	Kuzel	297.7
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Carboniferous 5						Virgilian		298.9
											Xiaodushanian	300 *
										Stephanian		Stephanian C	300.3 *
												Stephanian B	300.9 *
												Stephanian A	301.4 *
		Kasimovian							Missourian			Stephanian A	303.7
												Cantabrian	305 *
											Dalaun		305.8 *
									Desmoinesian				305.9 *
		Moscovian	Carboniferous 4										307
										Westphalian		Westphalian D	307.4 *
												Westphalian C	309.8
									Atokan			Westphalian C	312.7 *
												Westphalian B	314.6
		Bashkirian										Westphalian B	315.2
												Westphalian A	317 *
									Morrowan				318.4 *
											Huashibanian		318.5 *
										Namurian		Yeadonian	318.8 *
												Marsdenian	320.2 *
											Lousuan	Marsdenian	321.2 *
												Kinderscoutian	321.5 *
												Alportian	322 *
												Chokierian	323.1 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3						Chesterian		Dewunian	Chokierian	323.2
												Arnsbergian	324 *
												Pendleian	327.4 *
											Shangsian	Pendleian	330.8 *
		Visean	Carboniferous 2							Warnantian	Shangsian	Brigantian †	330.9
											Jiusian		335 *
									Meramecian				335.8 *
										Livian		Asbian †	336.3 *
										Moliniacian		Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian	340.2 *
									Osagean	Moliniacian		Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian	343.1 *
		Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1						Osagean	Ivorian		Tangbagouan	346.7
									Kinderhookian	Ivorian			351.9 *
									Kinderhookian	Hastarian			353.7 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Devonian 5										358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian	Devonian 4										372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Devonian 3										382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Devonian 3										387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Devonian 2										393.3
		Pragian	Devonian 1										407.6
		Lochkovian	Devonian 1										410.8
Silurian	Pridoli		Silurian 2										419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian											423
	Ludlow	Gorstian											425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian											427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian					430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	Silurian 1				433.4
		Aeronian					438.5
		Rhuddanian					440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ordovician 5				Ashgill	Hirnantian					Bolindian	443.8
		Katian						Rawtheyan						445.2
								Cautleyan						448.9 *
								Cautleyan					Eastonian	449 *
				Pusgillian				449.3 *
				Caradoc			Streffordian	Onnian †						449.6 *
							Cheneyan							451.5 *
							Cheneyan						Gisbornian	452 *
					Burrellian	452.7 *
		Sandbian	Ordovician 4			453
						Actonian †	453.2 *
						Marshbrookian †	Woolstonian †	454.2 *
						Longvillian †		455.2 *
					Aurelucian	Longvillian †		456.8 *
					Aurelucian	Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian		457.4 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Ordovician 3	Llanvirn	Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn			Darriwilian					458.4
		Darriwilian	Ordovician 3		Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn			Darriwilian					461.3 *
		Dapingian	Ordovician 2		Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn			Yapeenian					467.3
				Arenig	Fennian			Yapeenian					468.4 *
								Castlemainian					468.5 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian						Chewtonian					470
					Whitlandian			Chewtonian					471.1 *
								Bendigonian					471.8 *
								Lancefieldian					473.5 *
					Moridunian								474.3 *
		Tremadocian	Ordovician 1	Tremadoc	Migneintian								477.7
					Cressagian								480.8 *
					Cressagian			Warendian					482.8 *
								Warendian					485 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Cambrian 5										485.4
		Jiangshanian											489.5
		Paibian											494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Cambrian 4										Series 3 †	497
		Drumian	Cambrian 4											500.5
		Wuliuan	Cambrian 3											Stage 5 †	504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Cambrian 3												509
	Series 2	Stage 3	Cambrian 2												514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Cambrian 2												521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian	Cambrian 1												529
																			538.8