PBDB Timescale

Ten Million Year Bins

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view

There are 56 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 1 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ten Million Year Bins	Silurian of North America			North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Cenozoic Subepochs	Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		Carboniferous of Western Europe		Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand		Cambrian Epochs
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Cenozoic 6															0
		Northgrippian																0.0042
		Greenlandian																0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene					Sheridanian			Late Pleistocene								0.0117
		Chibanian					Sheridanian			Middle Pleistocene								0.129
		Chibanian					Cudahyan/Sappan			Middle Pleistocene								0.21
		Calabrian					Cudahyan/Sappan			Early Pleistocene								0.774
		Calabrian					Senecan/Rexroadian											1.4
		Gelasian																1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian								Late Pliocene								2.58
		Zanclean								Early Pliocene								3.6
		Zanclean					Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian			Early Pliocene								4.7
	Miocene	Messinian								Late Miocene								5.333
		Tortonian																7.246
		Tortonian					Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian											9.4
		Serravallian	Cenozoic 5				Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian			Middle Miocene								11.63
		Serravallian					late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian											12.5
		Langhian																13.82
		Burdigalian								Early Miocene								15.98
							Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian											16.3
							late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian										18.5
		Aquitanian																20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Cenozoic 4							Late Oligocene	Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian						23.03
								Monroecreekian										23.1 *
								Geringian										24.7 *
		Rupelian						Geringian		Early Oligocene	Kekeamuan							27.82
		Rupelian								Early Oligocene	Kekeamuan							29.5
	Eocene	Priabonian	Cenozoic 3				Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian			Late Eocene	Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian							33.9
		Priabonian								Late Eocene	Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian							37
		Bartonian								Middle Eocene	Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan							37.71
		Bartonian					Late Uintan/Early Uintan											39.7
		Lutetian	Cenozoic 2				Late Uintan/Early Uintan											41.2
		Lutetian					Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian											46.2
		Ypresian					Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian			Early Eocene		Bumbanian						47.8
							Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean											50.5
									Cf3/Cf2/Cf1									54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Cenozoic 1						Cf3/Cf2/Cf1	Late Paleocene	Gashatan							56
		Thanetian							Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1	Late Paleocene	Gashatan							56.2
		Selandian							Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1	Middle Paleocene								59.2
		Selandian							To3/To2/To1	Middle Paleocene								60.9
		Danian							To3/To2/To1	Early Paleocene								61.6
		Danian							Pu3/Pu2/Pu1	Early Paleocene								63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Cretaceous 8															66
		Campanian	Cretaceous 7															72.1
		Santonian	Cretaceous 6															83.6
		Coniacian																86.3
		Turonian																89.8
		Cenomanian	Cretaceous 5															93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Cretaceous 4															100.5
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3															113
		Barremian	Cretaceous 2															121.4
		Hauterivian	Cretaceous 2															125.77
		Valanginian	Cretaceous 1															132.6
		Berriasian	Cretaceous 1															139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Jurassic 6												Oteke	Puaroan		145
		Kimmeridgian	Jurassic 5												Oteke	Puaroan		149.2
															Kawhia	Ohauan		150
																Heterian		154.5
		Oxfordian																154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian																161.5
		Callovian														Temaikan		164.3
		Bathonian	Jurassic 4															165.3
		Bajocian	Jurassic 4															168.2
		Aalenian	Jurassic 3															170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian		174.7
		Toarcian		Herangi	Ururoan	176
		Pliensbachian	Jurassic 2		Ururoan	184.2
		Pliensbachian	Jurassic 2		Aratauran	188.9
		Sinemurian	Jurassic 1			192.9
		Hettangian	Jurassic 1			199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Triassic 4	Balfour	Otapirian	201.4
		Norian			Warepan	208.5
					Otamitan	217
					Oretian	221
		Carnian	Triassic 3		Oretian	227
		Carnian	Triassic 3	Gore	Kaihikuan	227.5
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Triassic 2		Kaihikuan	237
		Ladinian			Etalian	238
		Anisian			Etalian	242
		Anisian			Malakovian	246
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Triassic 1		Malakovian	247.2
		Olenekian			Nelsonian	249
		Induan			Nelsonian	251.2
		Induan		DUrville	Makarewan	251.5
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Permian 4		Makarewan	251.902
		Changhsingian			Waiitian	253.2
		Wuchiapingian			Waiitian	254.14
		Wuchiapingian			Puruhauan	254.2
	Guadalupian	Capitanian		Aparima	Flettian	259.51
		Wordian			Flettian	264.28
		Wordian			Barettian	266
		Roadian	Permian 3			266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Permian 2			273.01
		Kungurian			Mangapirian	276
		Artinskian			Mangapirian	283.5
					Telfordian	285
						288.5
		Sakmarian				290.1
		Asselian	Permian 1			293.52
		Asselian	Permian 1			Kuzel	297.7
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Carboniferous 5			Kuzel	298.9
						Stephanian	Stephanian C	300.3 *
							Stephanian B	300.9 *
							Stephanian A	301.4 *
		Kasimovian					Stephanian A	303.7
		Kasimovian					Cantabrian	305 *
		Moscovian	Carboniferous 4				Cantabrian	307
						Westphalian	Westphalian D	307.4 *
							Westphalian C	309.8
							Westphalian B	314.6
		Bashkirian					Westphalian B	315.2
							Westphalian A	317 *
						Namurian	Yeadonian	318.8 *
							Marsdenian	320.2 *
							Kinderscoutian	321.5 *
							Alportian	322 *
							Chokierian	323.1 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3				Chokierian	323.2
							Arnsbergian	324 *
							Pendleian	327.4 *
		Visean	Carboniferous 2			Warnantian	Brigantian †	330.9
						Livian	Asbian †	336.3 *
						Moliniacian	Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian	340.2 *
		Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1			Ivorian		346.7
		Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1			Hastarian		353.7 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Devonian 5					Conewangan/Conneautan/Canadaway	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian	Devonian 4					West Fallsian/Sonyean	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Devonian 3					Geneseean/Taghanican/Tioughniogan	Cazenovian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Devonian 3					Southwoodian	Cazenovian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Devonian 2					Sawkillian/Deer Parkian	Helderbergian	393.3
		Pragian	Devonian 1							407.6
		Lochkovian	Devonian 1							410.8
Silurian	Pridoli		Silurian 2						Cayugan		419.2
	Pridoli								Niagaran		422.5 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian									423
	Ludlow	Gorstian									425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian									Lockportian	427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian										430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	Silurian 1								Ontarian	433.4
		Aeronian										438.5
												Alexandrian	438.7 *
									Medinan		Clinton		440.1 *
													440.7 *
		Rhuddanian											440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ordovician 5										Hirnantian	Xiaoxita †/Shikou	Wufeng †	443.8
		Katian											Chientangkiangian		Wufeng †	445.2
		Katian											Neichianshanian/Hanjiang			449.5
		Sandbian	Ordovician 4										Neichianshanian/Hanjiang			453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Ordovician 3										Darriwilian	Guniu †/Hulo		458.4
		Darriwilian	Ordovician 3										Darriwilian	Hunjiang †	Dawan †/Daobaowan/Ningkuo	466.3 *
		Dapingian	Ordovician 2										Dapingian			467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian	Ordovician 2										Yiyangian			470
		Tremadocian	Ordovician 1										Xinchangian			477.7
		Tremadocian	Ordovician 1										Xinchangian		Lianghekou †	477.9 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Cambrian 5										Late Cambrian				485.4
		Jiangshanian															489.5
		Paibian															494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Cambrian 4										Middle Cambrian				497
		Drumian	Cambrian 4														500.5
		Wuliuan	Cambrian 3														504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Cambrian 3	Early Cambrian	509
	Series 2	Stage 3	Cambrian 2		514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Cambrian 2		521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian	Cambrian 1		529
																		538.8