PBDB Timescale

Ten Million Year Bins

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view

There are 56 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 1 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ten Million Year Bins	Silurian of North America			North American Land Mammal Ages	Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand		Cambrian Epochs	Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe	Silurian of the Baltic	Silurian of England		Ordovician of Britain
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Cenozoic 6				Saintaugustinean											0
		Meghalayan					Santarosean											0.0004
		Northgrippian																0.0042
		Greenlandian																0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene									Tarantian							0.0117
		Late Pleistocene					Rancholabrean				Tarantian							0.014
		Chibanian					Rancholabrean				Ionian							0.129
		Chibanian					Irvingtonian				Ionian							0.21
		Calabrian					Irvingtonian											0.774
		Calabrian					Blancan											1.4
		Gelasian																1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian																2.58
		Zanclean																3.6
		Zanclean					Hemphillian											4.7
	Miocene	Messinian																5.333
		Tortonian																7.246
		Tortonian					Clarendonian											9.4
		Serravallian	Cenozoic 5				Clarendonian											11.63
		Serravallian					Barstovian											12.5
		Langhian																13.82
		Burdigalian																15.98
							Hemingfordian											16.3
							Arikareean											18.5
		Aquitanian																20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Cenozoic 4															23.03
		Rupelian																27.82
							Whitneyan											29.5
							Orellan											31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian	Cenozoic 3				Chadronian											33.9
		Priabonian					Duchesnean											37
		Bartonian					Duchesnean											37.71
		Bartonian					Uintan											39.7
		Lutetian	Cenozoic 2				Uintan											41.2
		Lutetian					Bridgerian											46.2
		Ypresian					Bridgerian											47.8
							Wasatchian											50.5
							Clarkforkian											54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Cenozoic 1				Clarkforkian											56
		Thanetian					Tiffanian											56.2
		Selandian					Tiffanian											59.2
		Selandian					Torrejonian											60.9
		Danian					Torrejonian											61.6
		Danian					Puercan											63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Cretaceous 8															66
		Campanian	Cretaceous 7															72.1
		Santonian	Cretaceous 6															83.6
		Coniacian																86.3
		Turonian																89.8
		Cenomanian	Cretaceous 5															93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Cretaceous 4															100.5
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3															113
		Barremian	Cretaceous 2															121.4
		Hauterivian	Cretaceous 2															125.77
		Valanginian	Cretaceous 1															132.6
		Berriasian	Cretaceous 1															139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Jurassic 6					Oteke	Puaroan									145
		Kimmeridgian	Jurassic 5					Oteke	Puaroan									149.2
								Kawhia	Ohauan									150
									Heterian									154.5
		Oxfordian																154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian																161.5
		Callovian							Temaikan									164.3
		Bathonian	Jurassic 4															165.3
		Bajocian	Jurassic 4															168.2
		Aalenian	Jurassic 3	170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian		174.7
		Toarcian		Herangi	Ururoan	176
		Pliensbachian	Jurassic 2		Ururoan	184.2
		Pliensbachian	Jurassic 2		Aratauran	188.9
		Sinemurian	Jurassic 1			192.9
		Hettangian	Jurassic 1			199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Triassic 4	Balfour	Otapirian	201.4
		Norian			Warepan	208.5
					Otamitan	217
					Oretian	221
		Carnian	Triassic 3		Oretian	227
		Carnian	Triassic 3	Gore	Kaihikuan	227.5
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Triassic 2		Kaihikuan	237
		Ladinian			Etalian	238
		Anisian			Etalian	242
		Anisian			Malakovian	246
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Triassic 1		Malakovian	247.2
		Olenekian			Nelsonian	249
		Induan			Nelsonian	251.2
		Induan		DUrville	Makarewan	Kathwai		251.5 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Permian 4			Kathwai		251.902
								252.4 *
						Chhidru		252.9 *
					Waiitian			253.2
		Wuchiapingian			Waiitian			254.14
					Puruhauan			254.2
						Kalabagh		255 *
						Wargal		256 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian		Aparima	Flettian			259.51
		Wordian						264.28
								265.3 *
					Barettian			266
						Amb		266.1 *
		Roadian	Permian 3			Amb		266.9
		Roadian	Permian 3					270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Permian 2					273.01
		Kungurian			Mangapirian			276
		Artinskian			Mangapirian			283.5
					Telfordian			285
								288.5
		Sakmarian						290.1
		Asselian	Permian 1					293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Carboniferous 5				298.9
		Kasimovian	Carboniferous 5				303.7
		Moscovian	Carboniferous 4				307
		Bashkirian	Carboniferous 4				315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3				323.2
		Visean	Carboniferous 2				330.9
		Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1				346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Devonian 5				358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian	Devonian 4				372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Devonian 3				382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Devonian 3				387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Devonian 2				393.3
		Pragian	Devonian 1				407.6
		Lochkovian	Devonian 1				410.8
Silurian	Pridoli		Silurian 2				Cayugan	Ohesaare	Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Whitcliffe/Leintwardine	419.2
								Ohesaare		Bringewood/Elton	421.3
								Kaugetuma			421.7 *
							Niagaran	Kaugetuma			422.5 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian						Kuressaare	Coalbrookdale	Wenlock (England)/Tickwood	423
		Ludfordian						Paadla		Wenlock (England)/Tickwood	423.4 *
		Gorstian									425.6
		Gorstian								Buildwas	426.4 *
	Wenlock	Homerian						Lockportian		Buildwas	Rootsikula	427.4
									Wych	Woolhope	Rootsikula	428.4 *
											Jaagarahu	429.2 *
		Sheinwoodian									Jaagarahu	430.5
		Sheinwoodian									Jaani	431.8 *
	Llandovery	Telychian	Silurian 1					Ontarian			Jaani	433.4
											Adavere	434 *
												436.3 *
		Aeronian										438.5
												Alexandrian	438.7 *
									Cowleigh Park				439.3 *
											Raikkula		439.4 *
							Medinan	Clinton					440.1 *
													440.7 *
		Rhuddanian											440.8
		Rhuddanian									Juuru		441.4 *
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ordovician 5										Ashgill	Hirnantian	443.8
		Katian												Rawtheyan	445.2
														Cautleyan	448.9 *
														Pusgillian	449.3 *
													Caradoc	Streffordian	Onnian †	449.6 *
														Cheneyan		451.5 *
														Burrellian		452.7 *
		Sandbian	Ordovician 4													453
															Actonian †	453.2 *
															Marshbrookian †	Woolstonian †	454.2 *
															Longvillian †		455.2 *
														Aurelucian	Longvillian †		456.8 *
														Aurelucian	Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian		457.4 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Ordovician 3										Llanvirn	Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn			458.4
		Darriwilian	Ordovician 3											Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn			461.3 *
		Dapingian	Ordovician 2											Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn			467.3
		Dapingian											Arenig	Fennian			468.4 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian												Fennian			470
						Whitlandian								471.1 *
						Moridunian								474.3 *
		Tremadocian	Ordovician 1			Tremadoc							Migneintian	477.7
						Tremadoc							Cressagian	480.8 *
														485 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Cambrian 5	Late Cambrian	485.4
		Jiangshanian			489.5
		Paibian			494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Cambrian 4	Middle Cambrian	497
		Drumian	Cambrian 4		500.5
		Wuliuan	Cambrian 3		504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Cambrian 3	Early Cambrian	509
	Series 2	Stage 3	Cambrian 2		514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Cambrian 2		521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian	Cambrian 1		529
																		538.8