PBDB Timescale

Ten Million Year Bins

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view

There are 56 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 1 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ten Million Year Bins	Silurian of England		Ordovician of Britain				Cambrian of Kazakhstan	European Faunal Units	Mesozoic Subages		Cambrian Epochs	Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Cenozoic 6												Wanganui	Haweran			0
		Northgrippian																	0.0042
		Greenlandian																	0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene																	0.0117
		Chibanian																	0.129
		Chibanian														Castlecliffian			0.34
		Calabrian														Castlecliffian			0.774
		Calabrian														Nukumaruan			1.63
		Gelasian														Nukumaruan			1.8
		Gelasian														Mangapanian			2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian									Villanyian					Mangapanian			2.58
											Villanyian					Waipipian			3
											Ruscinian								3.1 *
		Zanclean																	3.6
		Zanclean														Opoitian			3.7
	Miocene	Messinian									Turolian				Taranaki	Kapitean			5.333
		Messinian														Tongaporutuan			7.2
		Tortonian																	7.246
											Vallesian								8.7
											Vallesian				Southland	Waiauan			11.04
		Serravallian	Cenozoic 5								Astaracian					Waiauan			11.63
		Serravallian														Lillburnian			13.05
		Langhian														Lillburnian			13.82
																Clifdenian			15.1
															Pareora	Altonian			15.9
		Burdigalian									Orleanian					Altonian			15.98
											Orleanian					Otaian			18.7
											Agenian								20
		Aquitanian																	20.44
		Aquitanian													Landon	Waitakian			21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Cenozoic 4													Waitakian	Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian	23.03
																Duntroonian			25.2
																Whaingaroan			27.3
		Rupelian															Kekeamuan		27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian	Cenozoic 3														Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian		33.9
															Arnold	Runangan			34.6
																Kaiatan			36.7
		Bartonian														Kaiatan	Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan		37.71
		Bartonian														Bortonian			39.1
		Lutetian	Cenozoic 2													Bortonian			41.2
															Dannevirke	Porangan			42.6
																Heretaungan			45.7
		Ypresian														Heretaungan		Bumbanian	47.8
																Mangaorapan			48.9
																Waipawan			52
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Cenozoic 1													Teurian	Gashatan		56
		Selandian																	59.2
		Danian																	61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Cretaceous 8									Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian			Mata	Haumurian			66
		Campanian	Cretaceous 7									Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian				Haumurian			72.1
		Santonian	Cretaceous 6									Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian				Piripauan			83.6
		Santonian										Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian			Raukumara	Teratan			86.1
		Coniacian										Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian							86.3
		Turonian										Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian							89.8
																Mangaotanean			90.5
																Arowhanan			93.7
		Cenomanian	Cretaceous 5									Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian				Arowhanan			93.9
															Clarence	Ngaterian			95.2
																Motuan			99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Cretaceous 4									Late Albian				Motuan			100.5
												Late Albian				Urutawan			103.3
												Middle Albian				Urutawan			106.2 *
												Middle Albian			Taitai	Korangan			108.4
												Early Albian							109.9 *
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3	Late Aptian	113
				Late Aptian		117.5
				Early Aptian		119.5 *
		Barremian	Cretaceous 2	Late Barremian/Early Barremian		121.4
		Hauterivian	Cretaceous 2	Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian		125.77
		Valanginian	Cretaceous 1	Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian		132.6
		Berriasian		Late Berriasian		139.8
				Middle Berriasian		140.6 *
				Early Berriasian		142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Jurassic 6	Late Tithonian		Middle Tithonian		145
		Tithonian	Jurassic 6	Early Tithonian		Middle Tithonian		146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian	Jurassic 5	Late Kimmeridgian				149.2
		Kimmeridgian		Early Kimmeridgian				152.2 *
		Oxfordian		Late Oxfordian		Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian		154.8
		Oxfordian				Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian		157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian		Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian				161.5
		Bathonian	Jurassic 4	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian				165.3
		Bajocian		Late Bajocian				168.2
		Bajocian		Early Bajocian				168.6 *
		Aalenian	Jurassic 3	Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian				170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian		Late Toarcian				174.7
				Middle Toarcian				180.4 *
				Early Toarcian				182.9 *
		Pliensbachian	Jurassic 2	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian				184.2
		Sinemurian	Jurassic 1	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian				192.9
		Hettangian	Jurassic 1	Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian				199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Triassic 4					201.4
		Norian		Sevatian				208.5
				Alaunian				213.2 *
				Lacian				216.7 *
		Carnian	Triassic 3	Tuvalian				227
		Carnian	Triassic 3	Julian				233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Triassic 2	Longobardian				237
		Ladinian		Fassanian				239.7 *
		Anisian		Illyrian				242
				Pelsonian				243.8 *
				Bithynian				244.7 *
				Aegean				245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Triassic 1	Spathian				247.2
		Olenekian		Smithian				248.9 *
		Induan		Dienerian				251.2
		Induan		Griesbachian				251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Permian 4					251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian						254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian						259.51
		Wordian						264.28
		Roadian	Permian 3					266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Permian 2					273.01
		Artinskian						283.5
		Sakmarian						290.1
		Asselian	Permian 1					293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Carboniferous 5					298.9
		Kasimovian	Carboniferous 5					303.7
		Moscovian	Carboniferous 4					307
		Bashkirian	Carboniferous 4					315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3					323.2
		Visean	Carboniferous 2					330.9
		Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1					346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Devonian 5					358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian	Devonian 4					372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Devonian 3					382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Devonian 3					387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Devonian 2					393.3
		Pragian	Devonian 1					407.6
		Lochkovian	Devonian 1					410.8
Silurian	Pridoli		Silurian 2		Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle			Whitcliffe/Leintwardine	Cayugan	419.2
								Bringewood/Elton	Cayugan	421.3
								Bringewood/Elton	Niagaran	422.5 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian			Coalbrookdale			Wenlock (England)/Tickwood		423
		Gorstian								425.6
		Gorstian						Buildwas		426.4 *
	Wenlock	Homerian						Buildwas		Lockportian	427.4
		Homerian			Wych			Woolhope		Lockportian	428.4 *
		Sheinwoodian								430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	Silurian 1				Ontarian			433.4
		Telychian								436.3 *
		Aeronian								438.5
										Alexandrian	438.7 *
					Cowleigh Park						439.3 *
						Medinan	Clinton		440.1 *
									440.7 *
		Rhuddanian							440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ordovician 5			Ashgill			Hirnantian			443.8
		Katian							Rawtheyan			445.2
									Cautleyan			448.9 *
									Pusgillian			449.3 *
						Caradoc			Streffordian			Onnian †	449.6 *
									Cheneyan				451.5 *
									Burrellian				452.7 *
		Sandbian	Ordovician 4										453
												Actonian †	453.2 *
												Marshbrookian †	Woolstonian †	454.2 *
												Longvillian †		455.2 *
									Aurelucian			Longvillian †		456.8 *
									Aurelucian			Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian		457.4 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Ordovician 3			Llanvirn			Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn					458.4
		Darriwilian	Ordovician 3						Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn					461.3 *
		Dapingian	Ordovician 2						Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn					467.3
		Dapingian				Arenig			Fennian					468.4 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian							Fennian					470
									Whitlandian					471.1 *
									Moridunian					474.3 *
		Tremadocian	Ordovician 1			Tremadoc			Migneintian					Ungurian	477.7
						Tremadoc			Cressagian						480.8 *
															485 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Cambrian 5											Batyrbaian	Late Cambrian	485.4
		Jiangshanian		489.5										Batyrbaian
				Aksaian										490.7 *
				Sakian										492.2 *
		Paibian		Sakian										494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Cambrian 4	Ayusokkanian										Middle Cambrian	497
		Guzhangian													499.5
		Drumian		Zhanaarykian											500.5
		Drumian		Tuesaian											503
		Wuliuan	Cambrian 3	Tuesaian											504.5
		Wuliuan													505.3
	Series 2	Stage 4												Early Cambrian	509
				Toyonian											510 *
				Botomian											512.5 *
		Stage 3	Cambrian 2	Botomian											514
		Stage 3		Atdabanian											515.6 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2		Tommotian											521
		Stage 2													525.5
		Fortunian	Cambrian 1												529
																			538.8