PBDB Timescale

Ten Million Year Bins

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view

There are 56 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 1 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ten Million Year Bins	Silurian of England		Carboniferous of China	Cenozoic Subepochs	Cambrian of West Avalonia	Mesozoic Subages		Permian of Western Europe	North American Mammal Subages/Zones
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Cenozoic 6												0
		Northgrippian													0.0042
		Greenlandian													0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene					Late Pleistocene					Sheridanian			0.0117
		Chibanian					Middle Pleistocene					Sheridanian			0.129
		Chibanian					Middle Pleistocene					Cudahyan/Sappan			0.21
		Calabrian					Early Pleistocene					Cudahyan/Sappan			0.774
		Calabrian										Senecan/Rexroadian			1.4
		Gelasian													1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian					Late Pliocene								2.58
		Zanclean					Early Pliocene								3.6
		Zanclean					Early Pliocene					Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian			4.7
	Miocene	Messinian					Late Miocene								5.333
		Tortonian													7.246
		Tortonian										Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian			9.4
		Serravallian	Cenozoic 5				Middle Miocene					Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian			11.63
		Serravallian										late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian			12.5
		Langhian													13.82
		Burdigalian					Early Miocene								15.98
												Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian			16.3
												late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian		18.5
		Aquitanian													20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Cenozoic 4				Late Oligocene								23.03
													Monroecreekian		23.1 *
													Geringian		24.7 *
		Rupelian					Early Oligocene						Geringian		27.82
		Rupelian					Early Oligocene								29.5
	Eocene	Priabonian	Cenozoic 3				Late Eocene					Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian			33.9
		Priabonian					Late Eocene								37
		Bartonian					Middle Eocene								37.71
		Bartonian										Late Uintan/Early Uintan			39.7
		Lutetian	Cenozoic 2									Late Uintan/Early Uintan			41.2
		Lutetian										Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian			46.2
		Ypresian					Early Eocene					Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian			47.8
												Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean			50.5
														Cf3/Cf2/Cf1	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Cenozoic 1				Late Paleocene							Cf3/Cf2/Cf1	56
		Thanetian					Late Paleocene							Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1	56.2
		Selandian					Middle Paleocene							Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1	59.2
		Selandian					Middle Paleocene							To3/To2/To1	60.9
		Danian					Early Paleocene							To3/To2/To1	61.6
		Danian					Early Paleocene							Pu3/Pu2/Pu1	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Cretaceous 8						Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian						66
		Campanian	Cretaceous 7						Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian						72.1
		Santonian	Cretaceous 6						Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian						83.6
		Coniacian							Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian						86.3
		Turonian							Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian						89.8
		Cenomanian	Cretaceous 5						Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian						93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Cretaceous 4						Late Albian						100.5
									Middle Albian						106.2 *
									Early Albian						109.9 *
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3						Late Aptian						113
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3						Early Aptian						119.5 *
		Barremian	Cretaceous 2						Late Barremian/Early Barremian						121.4
		Hauterivian	Cretaceous 2						Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian						125.77
		Valanginian	Cretaceous 1						Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian						132.6
		Berriasian							Late Berriasian						139.8
									Middle Berriasian						140.6 *
									Early Berriasian						142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Jurassic 6						Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian					145
		Tithonian	Jurassic 6						Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian					146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian	Jurassic 5						Late Kimmeridgian						149.2
		Kimmeridgian							Early Kimmeridgian						152.2 *
		Oxfordian							Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian					154.8
		Oxfordian			157.9 *					Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian		Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian		161.5
		Bathonian	Jurassic 4	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian		165.3
		Bajocian		Late Bajocian		168.2
		Bajocian		Early Bajocian		168.6 *
		Aalenian	Jurassic 3	Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian		170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian		Late Toarcian		174.7
				Middle Toarcian		180.4 *
				Early Toarcian		182.9 *
		Pliensbachian	Jurassic 2	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian		184.2
		Sinemurian	Jurassic 1	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian		192.9
		Hettangian	Jurassic 1	Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian		199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Triassic 4			201.4
		Norian		Sevatian		208.5
				Alaunian		213.2 *
				Lacian		216.7 *
		Carnian	Triassic 3	Tuvalian		227
		Carnian	Triassic 3	Julian		233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Triassic 2	Longobardian		237
		Ladinian		Fassanian		239.7 *
		Anisian		Illyrian		242
				Pelsonian		243.8 *
				Bithynian		244.7 *
				Aegean		245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Triassic 1	Spathian		247.2
		Olenekian		Smithian		248.9 *
		Induan		Dienerian		251.2
		Induan		Griesbachian		251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Permian 4			251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian				Zechstein		254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian				Rotliegendes		259.51
		Wordian						264.28
		Roadian	Permian 3					266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Permian 2					273.01
		Artinskian				Autunian		283.5
		Sakmarian						290.1
		Asselian	Permian 1					293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Carboniferous 5					298.9
		Gzhelian						Xiaodushanian	300 *
		Kasimovian						Xiaodushanian	303.7
		Kasimovian						Dalaun	305.8 *
		Moscovian	Carboniferous 4						307
		Bashkirian					315.2
							Huashibanian	318.5 *
							Lousuan	321.2 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3				Dewunian	323.2
		Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3				Shangsian	330.8 *
		Visean	Carboniferous 2				Shangsian	330.9
		Visean	Carboniferous 2				Jiusian	335 *
		Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1				Tangbagouan	346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Devonian 5					358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian	Devonian 4					372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Devonian 3					382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Devonian 3					387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Devonian 2					393.3
		Pragian	Devonian 1					407.6
		Lochkovian	Devonian 1					410.8
Silurian	Pridoli		Silurian 2					Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Whitcliffe/Leintwardine	419.2
	Pridoli							Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Bringewood/Elton	421.3
	Ludlow	Ludfordian						Coalbrookdale	Wenlock (England)/Tickwood	423
		Gorstian								425.6
		Gorstian							Buildwas	426.4 *
	Wenlock	Homerian							Buildwas	427.4
		Homerian						Wych	Woolhope	428.4 *
		Sheinwoodian								430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	Silurian 1		433.4
		Telychian							436.3 *
		Aeronian							438.5
		Aeronian						Cowleigh Park	439.3 *
		Rhuddanian						Cowleigh Park	440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ordovician 5						Hirnantian	Xiaoxita †/Shikou	Wufeng †	443.8
		Katian							Chientangkiangian		Wufeng †	445.2
		Katian							Neichianshanian/Hanjiang			449.5
		Sandbian	Ordovician 4						Neichianshanian/Hanjiang			453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Ordovician 3						Darriwilian	Guniu †/Hulo		458.4
		Darriwilian	Ordovician 3						Darriwilian	Hunjiang †	Dawan †/Daobaowan/Ningkuo	466.3 *
		Dapingian	Ordovician 2						Dapingian			467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian	Ordovician 2						Yiyangian			470
		Tremadocian	Ordovician 1						Xinchangian			477.7
		Tremadocian	Ordovician 1						Xinchangian		Lianghekou †	477.9 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Cambrian 5									485.4
		Jiangshanian										489.5
		Paibian										494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Cambrian 4									497
		Guzhangian										Arcadian	498.4
		Drumian											500.5
		Wuliuan	Cambrian 3										504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Cambrian 3									Branchian	509
		Stage 3	Cambrian 2									Branchian	514
		Stage 3										Placentian	517.1
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2											521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian	Cambrian 1										529
															538.8