PBDB Timescale

Ten Million Year Bins

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view

There are 56 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 1 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ten Million Year Bins	Silurian of England		Permian of China	Devonian Subages	Obsolete Carboniferous Ages of China	North American Land Mammal Ages	North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Permian of the Russian Platform		Permian of Western Europe	Silurian of the Baltic	Ordovician of the Baltic
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Cenozoic 6						Saintaugustinean									0
		Meghalayan							Santarosean									0.0004
		Northgrippian																0.0042
		Greenlandian																0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene								Sheridanian								0.0117
		Late Pleistocene							Rancholabrean									0.014
		Chibanian							Rancholabrean									0.129
		Chibanian							Irvingtonian	Cudahyan/Sappan								0.21
		Calabrian							Irvingtonian	Cudahyan/Sappan								0.774
		Calabrian							Blancan	Senecan/Rexroadian								1.4
		Gelasian																1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian																2.58
		Zanclean																3.6
		Zanclean							Hemphillian	Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian								4.7
	Miocene	Messinian																5.333
		Tortonian																7.246
		Tortonian							Clarendonian	Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian								9.4
		Serravallian	Cenozoic 5						Clarendonian	Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian								11.63
		Serravallian							Barstovian	late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian								12.5
		Langhian																13.82
		Burdigalian																15.98
									Hemingfordian	Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian								16.3
									Arikareean	late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian							18.5
		Aquitanian																20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Cenozoic 4															23.03
											Monroecreekian							23.1 *
											Geringian							24.7 *
		Rupelian									Geringian							27.82
									Whitneyan									29.5
									Orellan									31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian	Cenozoic 3						Chadronian	Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian								33.9
		Priabonian							Duchesnean									37
		Bartonian							Duchesnean									37.71
		Bartonian							Uintan	Late Uintan/Early Uintan								39.7
		Lutetian	Cenozoic 2						Uintan	Late Uintan/Early Uintan								41.2
		Lutetian							Bridgerian	Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian								46.2
		Ypresian							Bridgerian	Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian								47.8
									Wasatchian	Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean								50.5
									Clarkforkian			Cf3/Cf2/Cf1						54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Cenozoic 1						Clarkforkian			Cf3/Cf2/Cf1						56
		Thanetian							Tiffanian			Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1						56.2
		Selandian							Tiffanian			Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1						59.2
		Selandian							Torrejonian			To3/To2/To1						60.9
		Danian							Torrejonian			To3/To2/To1						61.6
		Danian							Puercan			Pu3/Pu2/Pu1						63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Cretaceous 8															66
		Campanian	Cretaceous 7															72.1
		Santonian	Cretaceous 6															83.6
		Coniacian																86.3
		Turonian																89.8
		Cenomanian	Cretaceous 5															93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Cretaceous 4															100.5
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3															113
		Barremian	Cretaceous 2															121.4
		Hauterivian	Cretaceous 2															125.77
		Valanginian	Cretaceous 1															132.6
		Berriasian	Cretaceous 1															139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Jurassic 6															145
		Kimmeridgian	Jurassic 5															149.2
		Oxfordian																154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian																161.5
		Bathonian	Jurassic 4															165.3
		Bajocian	Jurassic 4															168.2
		Aalenian	Jurassic 3															170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Jurassic 3	174.7
		Pliensbachian	Jurassic 2	184.2
		Sinemurian	Jurassic 1	192.9
		Hettangian	Jurassic 1	199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Triassic 4	201.4
		Norian	Triassic 4	208.5
		Carnian	Triassic 3	227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Triassic 2	237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian	Triassic 2	242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Triassic 1	247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan	Triassic 1	251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Permian 4	Meishanian	251.902
		Changhsingian		Baoqingian	253.4 *
		Wuchiapingian		Laoshanian	Zechstein	254.14
				Laoshanian		Tatarian	Vyatkian	256.8 *
				Laibinian			Vyatkian	257.7 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian		Lengwuan	Severodvinian		Rotliegendes	259.51
		Wordian		Kuhfengian	Urzhumian			264.28
		Roadian	Permian 3		Kazanian	Povolzhian		266.9
		Roadian	Permian 3		Kazanian	Sokian		270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Permian 2	Luodianian	Kungurian	Irenian/Ufimian		273.01
						Filipovian		276.5 *
						Saraninian		280.1 *
		Artinskian			Artinskian	Sarginian	Autunian	283.5
				Longlinian		Sarginian		285.4 *
						Irginian		285.9 *
						Burtsevian		287.8 *
		Sakmarian			Sakmarian	Sterlitamakian		290.1
		Sakmarian			Sakmarian	Tastubian		291.7 *
		Asselian	Permian 1	Zisongian	Asselian	Shikhanian		293.52
						Uskalykian		294.8
						Surenian		297.5
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Carboniferous 5		Mapingian †						298.9
		Gzhelian									300.1
		Kasimovian									303.7
		Kasimovian									305.9
		Moscovian	Carboniferous 4								307
		Bashkirian	Carboniferous 4								315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3							323.2
		Visean	Carboniferous 2							330.9
		Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1							346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Devonian 5							Late Famennian	358.9
										Middle Famennian	365.3 *
										Early Famennian	368.5 *
		Frasnian	Devonian 4							Late Frasnian	372.2
									Middle Frasnian	375.4 *
									Early Frasnian	379.3 *
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Devonian 3						Late Givetian	382.7
									Middle Givetian	383.7 *
									Early Givetian	385.9 *
		Eifelian							Late Eifelian	387.7
		Eifelian							Early Eifelian	390.3 *
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Devonian 2						Late Emsian	393.3
		Emsian	Devonian 2						Early Emsian	398.3 *
		Pragian	Devonian 1						Pragian	407.6
		Lochkovian							Late Lochkovian	410.8
									Middle Lochkovian	412.8 *
									Early Lochkovian	415.6 *
Silurian	Pridoli		Silurian 2						Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Whitcliffe/Leintwardine		Ohesaare	419.2
										Bringewood/Elton		Ohesaare	421.3
										Bringewood/Elton		Kaugetuma	421.7 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian							Coalbrookdale	Wenlock (England)/Tickwood		Kuressaare	423
		Ludfordian								Wenlock (England)/Tickwood		Paadla	423.4 *
		Gorstian											425.6
		Gorstian								Buildwas			426.4 *
	Wenlock	Homerian								Buildwas		Rootsikula	427.4
									Wych	Woolhope		Rootsikula	428.4 *
												Jaagarahu	429.2 *
		Sheinwoodian										Jaagarahu	430.5
		Sheinwoodian										Jaani	431.8 *
	Llandovery	Telychian	Silurian 1									Jaani	433.4
												Adavere	434 *
													436.3 *
		Aeronian											438.5
									Cowleigh Park				439.3 *
												Raikkula	439.4 *
		Rhuddanian										Raikkula	440.8
		Rhuddanian										Juuru	441.4 *
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ordovician 5										Harju	Porkuni	443.8
		Katian												Pirgu	445.2
														Vormsi	449.6 *
														Nabala	Johvi †	450 *
													Viru	Rakvere		450.6 *
														Oandu		452 *
		Sandbian	Ordovician 4											Keila	Idavere †	453
														Haljala		453.9
														Kukruse		456.4 *
														Uhaku	Aluoja †	457.5 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Ordovician 3											Uhaku		458.4
														Lasnamagi		458.9 *
														Aseri		460.4 *
													Oeland	Kunda		462.9 *
														Kunda	Valaste †/Hunderum	464.3 *
														Volkhov		Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka	467.1 *
		Dapingian	Ordovician 2											Volkhov			467.3
		Dapingian												Billingen			469.3 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian				470
				Latorp †			470.1 *
							Hunneberg	473.7 *
		Tremadocian	Ordovician 1		477.7		Hunneberg
					Varangu		481.3 *
					Pakerort		482.2 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Cambrian 5		Pakerort		485.4
							486.3 *
								486.5
		Jiangshanian						489.5
		Paibian						494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Cambrian 4					497
		Drumian	Cambrian 4					500.5
		Wuliuan	Cambrian 3					504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Cambrian 3					509
	Series 2	Stage 3	Cambrian 2					514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Cambrian 2					521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian	Cambrian 1					529
																		538.8