PBDB Timescale

Ten Million Year Bins

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
Z.-X. Qiu and Z.-D. Qiu. 1995. Chronological sequence and subdivision of Chinese Neogene mammalian faunas. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 116(1-2):41-70 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view

There are 56 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 1 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ten Million Year Bins	Silurian of the Baltic	North American Land Mammal Ages	Permian of the Pamirs	Neogene Mammal Ages of China	Devonian of Germany	North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Obsolete Names for ICS Units		Mesozoic Subages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Cenozoic 6		Saintaugustinean										0
		Meghalayan			Santarosean										0.0004
		Northgrippian													0.0042
		Greenlandian													0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene					Nihewanian		Sheridanian						0.0117
		Late Pleistocene			Rancholabrean										0.014
		Chibanian			Rancholabrean										0.129
		Chibanian			Irvingtonian				Cudahyan/Sappan						0.21
		Calabrian			Irvingtonian				Cudahyan/Sappan						0.774
		Calabrian			Blancan				Senecan/Rexroadian						1.4
		Gelasian													1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian					Yushean					Tertiary †			2.58
		Zanclean													3.6
					Hemphillian				Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian						4.7
							Baodean								4.9
	Miocene	Messinian													5.333
		Tortonian													7.246
					Clarendonian				Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian						9.4
							Tunggurian								11.1
		Serravallian	Cenozoic 5												11.63
		Serravallian			Barstovian				late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian						12.5
		Langhian					Shanwangian								13.82
		Burdigalian													15.98
					Hemingfordian				Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian						16.3
					Hemingfordian		Xiejiaan		Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian						16.9
					Arikareean				late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian					18.5
		Aquitanian													20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Cenozoic 4												23.03
										Monroecreekian					23.1 *
										Geringian					24.7 *
		Rupelian								Geringian					27.82
					Whitneyan										29.5
					Orellan										31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian	Cenozoic 3		Chadronian				Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian						33.9
		Priabonian			Duchesnean										37
		Bartonian			Duchesnean										37.71
		Bartonian			Uintan				Late Uintan/Early Uintan						39.7
		Lutetian	Cenozoic 2		Uintan				Late Uintan/Early Uintan						41.2
		Lutetian			Bridgerian				Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian						46.2
		Ypresian			Bridgerian				Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian						47.8
					Wasatchian				Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean						50.5
					Clarkforkian						Cf3/Cf2/Cf1				54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Cenozoic 1		Clarkforkian						Cf3/Cf2/Cf1				56
		Thanetian			Tiffanian						Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1				56.2
		Selandian			Tiffanian						Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1				59.2
		Selandian			Torrejonian						To3/To2/To1				60.9
		Danian			Torrejonian						To3/To2/To1				61.6
		Danian			Puercan						Pu3/Pu2/Pu1				63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Cretaceous 8											Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian	66
		Campanian	Cretaceous 7											Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian	72.1
		Santonian	Cretaceous 6											Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian	83.6
		Coniacian												Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian	86.3
		Turonian												Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian	89.8
		Cenomanian	Cretaceous 5											Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian	93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Cretaceous 4											Late Albian	100.5
														Middle Albian	106.2 *
														Early Albian	109.9 *
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3											Late Aptian	113
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3											Early Aptian	119.5 *
		Barremian	Cretaceous 2											Late Barremian/Early Barremian	121.4
		Hauterivian	Cretaceous 2											Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian	125.77
		Valanginian	Cretaceous 1											Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian	132.6
		Berriasian												Late Berriasian	139.8
														Middle Berriasian	140.6 *
				Early Berriasian		142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Jurassic 6	Late Tithonian		Middle Tithonian		145
		Tithonian	Jurassic 6	Early Tithonian		Middle Tithonian		146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian	Jurassic 5	Late Kimmeridgian				149.2
		Kimmeridgian		Early Kimmeridgian				152.2 *
		Oxfordian		Late Oxfordian		Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian		154.8
		Oxfordian				Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian		157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian		Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian				161.5
		Bathonian	Jurassic 4	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian				165.3
		Bajocian		Late Bajocian				168.2
		Bajocian		Early Bajocian				168.6 *
		Aalenian	Jurassic 3	Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian				170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian		Late Toarcian				174.7
				Middle Toarcian				180.4 *
				Early Toarcian				182.9 *
		Pliensbachian	Jurassic 2	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian				184.2
		Sinemurian	Jurassic 1	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian				192.9
		Hettangian	Jurassic 1	Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian				199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Triassic 4					201.4
		Norian		Sevatian				208.5
				Alaunian				213.2 *
				Lacian				216.7 *
		Carnian	Triassic 3	Tuvalian				227
		Carnian	Triassic 3	Julian				233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Triassic 2	Longobardian				237
		Ladinian		Fassanian				239.7 *
		Anisian		Illyrian				242
				Pelsonian			243.8 *
				Bithynian			244.7 *
				Aegean			245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Triassic 1	Spathian			247.2
		Olenekian		Smithian			248.9 *
		Induan		Dienerian			251.2
				Griesbachian			251.4 *
				Griesbachian			Kathwai	251.5 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Permian 4	Dorashamian			Kathwai			251.902
										252.4 *
							Chhidru			252.9 *
		Wuchiapingian		Dzhulfian			Chhidru			Longtanian †			254.14
							Kalabagh						255 *
							Wargal						256 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian		Midian						259.51
		Wordian								264.28
										265.3 *
							Amb			266.1 *
				Murgabian						266.2 *
		Roadian	Permian 3							266.9
		Roadian	Permian 3							270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Permian 2	Kubergandian	273.01
		Kungurian		Bolorian	279.8
		Artinskian		Bolorian	283.5
		Artinskian		Yakhtashian	286
		Sakmarian		Sakmarian	290.1
		Asselian	Permian 1	Asselian	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Carboniferous 5		298.9
		Kasimovian	Carboniferous 5		303.7
		Moscovian	Carboniferous 4		307
		Bashkirian	Carboniferous 4		315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3		323.2
		Visean	Carboniferous 2		330.9
		Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1		346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Devonian 5		Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden					358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian	Devonian 4		Adorf					372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Devonian 3		Givetian					382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Devonian 3		Eifelian					387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Devonian 2		Emsian					393.3
		Pragian	Devonian 1		Siegen					407.6
		Lochkovian	Devonian 1		Gedinnine					410.8
Silurian	Pridoli		Silurian 2		Ohesaare						419.2
	Pridoli				Kaugetuma						421.7 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian			Kuressaare						423
		Ludfordian			Paadla	423.4 *
		Gorstian			Paadla	425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian			Rootsikula	427.4
		Homerian			Jaagarahu	429.2 *
		Sheinwoodian			Jaagarahu	430.5
		Sheinwoodian			Jaani	431.8 *
	Llandovery	Telychian	Silurian 1		Jaani	433.4
		Telychian			Adavere	434 *
		Aeronian			Adavere	438.5
		Aeronian			Raikkula	439.4 *
		Rhuddanian			Raikkula	440.8
		Rhuddanian			Juuru	441.4 *
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ordovician 5			443.8
		Katian	Ordovician 5			445.2
		Sandbian	Ordovician 4			453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Ordovician 3			458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian	Ordovician 2			467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian	Ordovician 2			470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian	Ordovician 1			477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Cambrian 5			Late Cambrian					485.4
		Jiangshanian									489.5
		Paibian									494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Cambrian 4			Series 3 †					Middle Cambrian	497
		Drumian	Cambrian 4									500.5
		Wuliuan	Cambrian 3						Stage 5 †			504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Cambrian 3								Early Cambrian	509
	Series 2	Stage 3	Cambrian 2									514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Cambrian 2									521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian	Cambrian 1					529
															538.8