PBDB Timescale

Ten Million Year Bins

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
M. Harzhauser and W. E. Piller. 2004. Integrated stratigraphy of the Sarmatian (Upper Middle Miocene) in the western Central Paratethys. Stratigraphy 1(1):65-86 view

There are 56 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 1 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ten Million Year Bins	Devonian of Eastern North America		Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand		South American Land Mammal Ages		Mesozoic Subages		Central Paratethys Stages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Cenozoic 6										0
		Northgrippian											0.0042
		Greenlandian											0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene						Lujanian					0.0117
		Chibanian						Lujanian					0.129
		Chibanian						Ensenadan					0.3 *
		Calabrian						Ensenadan					0.774
		Calabrian						Sanandresian	Uquian †				1.7 *
		Gelasian						Sanandresian					1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian						Vorohuean					2.58
		Piacenzian						Chapadmalalan					2.9 *
		Zanclean						Chapadmalalan					3.6
								Montehermosan					3.7 *
								Huayquerian					4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian											5.333
		Tortonian										Pannonian	7.246
								Chasicoan					7.9 *
								Mayoan					9.9 *
								Laventan					10.9 *
		Serravallian	Cenozoic 5									Sarmatian	11.63
												Badenian	12.8 *
								Colloncuran				Badenian	13.7 *
		Langhian						Colloncuran					13.82
		Langhian						Friasian					15.4 *
		Burdigalian						Friasian					15.98
								Santacrucian					16.2 *
								Colhuehuapian					17.4 *
		Aquitanian						Colhuehuapian					20.44
		Aquitanian						Deseadan					20.9 *
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Cenozoic 4										23.03
		Rupelian											27.82
		Rupelian						Tinguirirican					28.9 *
	Eocene	Priabonian	Cenozoic 3					Tinguirirican					33.9
		Priabonian						Divisaderan					35.9 *
		Bartonian											37.71
		Lutetian	Cenozoic 2										41.2
		Lutetian						Mustersan					41.9 *
		Ypresian						Mustersan					47.8
		Ypresian						Casamayoran					47.9 *
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Cenozoic 1					Riochican					56
								Itaboraian					56.9 *
								Peligran					58.9 *
		Selandian											59.2
		Danian											61.6
		Danian						Tiupampan					62.4 *
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Cretaceous 8							Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian			66
		Campanian	Cretaceous 7							Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian			72.1
		Santonian	Cretaceous 6							Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian			83.6
		Coniacian								Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian			86.3
		Turonian								Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian			89.8
		Cenomanian	Cretaceous 5							Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian			93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Cretaceous 4							Late Albian			100.5
										Middle Albian			106.2 *
										Early Albian			109.9 *
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3							Late Aptian			113
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3							Early Aptian			119.5 *
		Barremian	Cretaceous 2							Late Barremian/Early Barremian			121.4
		Hauterivian	Cretaceous 2							Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian			125.77
		Valanginian	Cretaceous 1							Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian			132.6
		Berriasian								Late Berriasian			139.8
										Middle Berriasian			140.6 *
										Early Berriasian			142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Jurassic 6			Oteke	Puaroan			Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian		145
		Tithonian	Jurassic 6							Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian		146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian	Jurassic 5	Late Kimmeridgian						149.2
				Late Kimmeridgian		Kawhia	Ohauan			150
				Early Kimmeridgian			Ohauan			152.2 *
				Early Kimmeridgian			Heterian			154.5
		Oxfordian		Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian					154.8
		Oxfordian			Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian					157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian		Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian						161.5
		Callovian		Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian			Temaikan			164.3
		Bathonian	Jurassic 4	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian						165.3
		Bajocian		Late Bajocian						168.2
		Bajocian		Early Bajocian					168.6 *
		Aalenian	Jurassic 3	Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian					170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian		Late Toarcian					174.7
				Late Toarcian		Herangi	Ururoan		176
				Middle Toarcian					180.4 *
				Early Toarcian					182.9 *
		Pliensbachian	Jurassic 2	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian					184.2
		Pliensbachian	Jurassic 2	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian			Aratauran		188.9
		Sinemurian	Jurassic 1	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian					192.9
		Hettangian	Jurassic 1	Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian					199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Triassic 4	Balfour		Otapirian			201.4
		Norian				Warepan	Sevatian		208.5
							Alaunian		213.2 *
							Lacian		216.7 *
						Otamitan			217
						Oretian			221
		Carnian	Triassic 3			Oretian	Tuvalian		227
				Gore		Kaihikuan	Tuvalian		227.5
							Julian		233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Triassic 2				Longobardian		237
						Etalian	Longobardian		238
							Fassanian		239.7 *
		Anisian					Illyrian		242
							Pelsonian		243.8 *
							Bithynian		244.7 *
							Aegean		245.5 *
						Malakovian	Aegean		246
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Triassic 1				Spathian		247.2
							Smithian		248.9 *
						Nelsonian	Smithian		249
		Induan					Dienerian		251.2
							Griesbachian		251.4 *
				DUrville		Makarewan	Griesbachian		251.5
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Permian 4			Makarewan			251.902
		Changhsingian				Waiitian			253.2
		Wuchiapingian				Waiitian		254.14
		Wuchiapingian				Puruhauan		254.2
	Guadalupian	Capitanian		Aparima		Flettian		259.51
		Wordian				Flettian		264.28
		Wordian				Barettian		266
		Roadian	Permian 3					266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Permian 2					273.01
		Kungurian				Mangapirian		276
		Artinskian				Mangapirian		283.5
						Telfordian		285
								288.5
		Sakmarian						290.1
		Asselian	Permian 1					293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Carboniferous 5					298.9
		Kasimovian	Carboniferous 5					303.7
		Moscovian	Carboniferous 4					307
		Bashkirian	Carboniferous 4					315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3					323.2
		Visean	Carboniferous 2					330.9
		Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1					346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Devonian 5					Conewangan/Conneautan/Canadaway	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian	Devonian 4					West Fallsian/Sonyean	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Devonian 3					Geneseean/Taghanican/Tioughniogan	Cazenovian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Devonian 3					Southwoodian	Cazenovian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Devonian 2					Sawkillian/Deer Parkian	Helderbergian	393.3
		Pragian	Devonian 1					407.6
		Lochkovian	Devonian 1					410.8
Silurian	Pridoli		Silurian 2						419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian							423
	Ludlow	Gorstian							425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian							427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian							430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	Silurian 1						433.4
		Aeronian							438.5
		Rhuddanian							440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ordovician 5						443.8
		Katian	Ordovician 5						445.2
		Sandbian	Ordovician 4						453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Ordovician 3						458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian	Ordovician 2						467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian	Ordovician 2						470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian	Ordovician 1						477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Cambrian 5						485.4
		Jiangshanian							489.5
		Paibian							494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Cambrian 4						497
		Drumian	Cambrian 4						500.5
		Wuliuan	Cambrian 3						504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Cambrian 3						509
	Series 2	Stage 3	Cambrian 2						514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Cambrian 2						521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian	Cambrian 1						529
													538.8