PBDB Timescale

Ten Million Year Bins

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
M. Kretzoi. 1942. Necroteuthis n. g. (Ceph. Dibr., Necroteuthidae N. F.) aus dem Oligozän von Budapest und das system der Dibranchiata. Földtani Közlöny 72:125-238 view

There are 56 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 1 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ten Million Year Bins	Devonian of Czechoslovakia	Cambrian of Australia	North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Silurian Ages of Europe	Ammonite Chrons of Northwest Europe		Devonian Subages	Silurian of the Baltic	Mesozoic Subages		Cenozoic Subepochs
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Cenozoic 6														0
		Northgrippian															0.0042
		Greenlandian															0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene				Sheridanian										Late Pleistocene	0.0117
		Chibanian				Sheridanian										Middle Pleistocene	0.129
		Chibanian				Cudahyan/Sappan										Middle Pleistocene	0.21
		Calabrian				Cudahyan/Sappan										Early Pleistocene	0.774
		Calabrian				Senecan/Rexroadian											1.4
		Gelasian															1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian														Late Pliocene	2.58
		Zanclean														Early Pliocene	3.6
		Zanclean				Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian										Early Pliocene	4.7
	Miocene	Messinian														Late Miocene	5.333
		Tortonian															7.246
		Tortonian				Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian											9.4
		Serravallian	Cenozoic 5			Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian										Middle Miocene	11.63
		Serravallian				late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian											12.5
		Langhian															13.82
		Burdigalian														Early Miocene	15.98
						Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian											16.3
						late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian										18.5
		Aquitanian															20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Cenozoic 4													Late Oligocene	23.03
							Monroecreekian										23.1 *
							Geringian										24.7 *
		Rupelian					Geringian									Early Oligocene	27.82
		Rupelian														Early Oligocene	29.5
	Eocene	Priabonian	Cenozoic 3			Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian										Late Eocene	33.9
		Priabonian														Late Eocene	37
		Bartonian														Middle Eocene	37.71
		Bartonian				Late Uintan/Early Uintan											39.7
		Lutetian	Cenozoic 2			Late Uintan/Early Uintan											41.2
		Lutetian				Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian											46.2
		Ypresian				Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian										Early Eocene	47.8
						Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean											50.5
								Cf3/Cf2/Cf1									54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Cenozoic 1					Cf3/Cf2/Cf1								Late Paleocene	56
		Thanetian						Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1								Late Paleocene	56.2
		Selandian						Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1								Middle Paleocene	59.2
		Selandian						To3/To2/To1								Middle Paleocene	60.9
		Danian						To3/To2/To1								Early Paleocene	61.6
		Danian						Pu3/Pu2/Pu1								Early Paleocene	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Cretaceous 8											Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian			66
		Campanian	Cretaceous 7											Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian			72.1
		Santonian	Cretaceous 6											Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian			83.6
		Coniacian												Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian			86.3
		Turonian												Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian			89.8
		Cenomanian	Cretaceous 5											Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian			93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Cretaceous 4											Late Albian			100.5
														Middle Albian			106.2 *
														Early Albian			109.9 *
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3											Late Aptian			113
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3											Early Aptian			119.5 *
		Barremian	Cretaceous 2											Late Barremian/Early Barremian			121.4
		Hauterivian	Cretaceous 2											Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian			125.77
		Valanginian	Cretaceous 1											Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian			132.6
		Berriasian												Late Berriasian			139.8
														Middle Berriasian			140.6 *
														Early Berriasian			142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Jurassic 6											Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian		145
		Tithonian	Jurassic 6											Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian		146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian	Jurassic 5											Late Kimmeridgian			149.2
		Kimmeridgian												Early Kimmeridgian			152.2 *
		Oxfordian												Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian		154.8
		Oxfordian			157.9 *										Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian		Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian					161.5
		Bathonian	Jurassic 4	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian					165.3
		Bajocian		Parkinsoni/Garantiana/Subfurcatum/Sauzei/Laeviuscula/Discites					Late Bajocian	168.2
									Late Bajocian	Humphresianum	168.4
									Early Bajocian	Humphresianum	168.6 *
		Aalenian	Jurassic 3	Concavum/Murchisonae/Opalinum						Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian	170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian		Levesquei/Variabilis/Bifrons					Thouarsense	Late Toarcian	174.7
										Late Toarcian	180.1
										Middle Toarcian	180.4 *
				Serpentinum/Falciferum/Tenuicostatum						Middle Toarcian	182
				Serpentinum/Falciferum/Tenuicostatum						Early Toarcian	182.9 *
		Pliensbachian	Jurassic 2	Spinatum/Margaritatus/Davoei/Ibex/Jamesoni						Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian	184.2
		Sinemurian	Jurassic 1	Raricostatum/Oxynotum/Obtusum/Turneri/Semicostatum/Bucklandi						Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian	192.9
		Hettangian	Jurassic 1	Angulata/Liasicus/Planorbis						Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian	199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Triassic 4								201.4
		Norian								Sevatian	208.5
										Alaunian	213.2 *
										Lacian	216.7 *
		Carnian	Triassic 3							Tuvalian	227
		Carnian	Triassic 3							Julian	233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Triassic 2							Longobardian	237
		Ladinian								Fassanian	239.7 *
		Anisian								Illyrian	242
										Pelsonian	243.8 *
										Bithynian	244.7 *
							Aegean			245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Triassic 1				Spathian			247.2
		Olenekian					Smithian			248.9 *
		Induan					Dienerian			251.2
		Induan					Griesbachian			251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Permian 4							251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian								254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian								259.51
		Wordian								264.28
		Roadian	Permian 3			266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Permian 2			273.01
		Artinskian				283.5
		Sakmarian				290.1
		Asselian	Permian 1			293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Carboniferous 5			298.9
		Kasimovian	Carboniferous 5			303.7
		Moscovian	Carboniferous 4			307
		Bashkirian	Carboniferous 4			315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3			323.2
		Visean	Carboniferous 2			330.9
		Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1			346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Devonian 5			Late Famennian		358.9
						Middle Famennian		365.3 *
						Early Famennian		368.5 *
		Frasnian	Devonian 4			Late Frasnian		372.2
						Middle Frasnian		375.4 *
						Early Frasnian		379.3 *
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Devonian 3			Srbsko		Late Givetian		382.7
								Middle Givetian		383.7 *
								Early Givetian		385.9 *
		Eifelian				Chotec		Late Eifelian		387.7
		Eifelian				Chotec		Early Eifelian		390.3 *
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Devonian 2			Daleje/Zlichovian		Late Emsian		393.3
		Emsian	Devonian 2			Daleje/Zlichovian		Early Emsian		398.3 *
		Pragian	Devonian 1			Pragian		Pragian		407.6
		Lochkovian				Lochkovian		Late Lochkovian		410.8
								Middle Lochkovian		412.8 *
								Early Lochkovian		415.6 *
Silurian	Pridoli		Silurian 2							Ohesaare	419.2
	Pridoli				Kaugetuma					421.7 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian			Kuressaare					423
		Ludfordian			Paadla					423.4 *
		Gorstian			Paadla					425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian			Gleedonian					Rootsikula	427.4
					Gleedonian					Jaagarahu	429.2 *
					Whitwellian						429.7 *
		Sheinwoodian							430.5
		Sheinwoodian							Jaani	431.8 *
	Llandovery	Telychian	Silurian 1						Jaani	433.4
		Telychian							Adavere	434 *
		Aeronian							Adavere	438.5
		Aeronian							Raikkula	439.4 *
		Rhuddanian							Raikkula	440.8
		Rhuddanian		Juuru					441.4 *
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ordovician 5						Cincinnatian	Gamachian	443.8
		Katian								Gamachian	445.2
										Richmondian	446 *
										Maysvillian	Rocklandian †/Shermanian/Ashbyan/Kirkfieldian/Blackriveran/Wildernessian/Trentonian/Franklinian	449.8 *
										Edenian		450.4 *
									Mohawkian	Chatfieldian		451.1 *
		Sandbian	Ordovician 4							Chatfieldian		453
										Turinian		453.7 *
									Whiterockian		Canadian †	Chazyan †/Marmor	457 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Ordovician 3										458.4
		Dapingian	Ordovician 2										467.3
		Dapingian								Rangerian			469.1 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian							Ibexian	Blackhillsian		Jeffersonian †	Cassinian †	470
		Floian								Tulean				473.9 *
		Tremadocian	Ordovician 1							Tulean				477.7
							Stairsian			480.3 *
							Skullrockian			Demingian †			482 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Cambrian 5							Datsonian				485.4
										Payntonian				486.8 *
										Payntonian				487.5
		Jiangshanian								Iverian				489.5
		Paibian								Idamean				494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Cambrian 4							Mindyallan				497
		Guzhangian								Boomerangian				499
		Drumian								Undillan				500.5
		Drumian								Floran				503
		Wuliuan	Cambrian 3							Templetonian				504.5
		Wuliuan								Ordian				507.8 *
	Series 2	Stage 4								Ordian				509
		Stage 4												510.8 *
		Stage 3	Cambrian 2											514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Cambrian 2											521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian	Cambrian 1											529
																	538.8