PBDB Timescale

Ten Million Year Bins

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
J. A. Lillegraven and M. C. McKenna. 1986. Fossil mammals from the "Mesaverde" Formation (Late Cretaceous, Judithian) of the Bighorn and Wind River basins, Wyoming, with definitions of Late Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal "Ages". American Museum Novitates 2840:1-68 view

There are 56 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 1 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ten Million Year Bins	Devonian of France	Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand		Obsolete Carboniferous Ages of China	Ordovician of the Baltic				Mesozoic Subages		Ordovician of Britain				Cretaceous Subepochs	Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal Ages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Cenozoic 6																	0
		Northgrippian																		0.0042
		Greenlandian																		0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene																		0.0117
		Chibanian																		0.129
		Calabrian																		0.774
		Gelasian																		1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian																		2.58
	Pliocene	Zanclean																		3.6
	Miocene	Messinian																		5.333
		Tortonian																		7.246
		Serravallian	Cenozoic 5																	11.63
		Langhian																		13.82
		Burdigalian																		15.98
		Aquitanian																		20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Cenozoic 4																	23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian	Cenozoic 4																	27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian	Cenozoic 3																	33.9
		Bartonian	Cenozoic 3																	37.71
		Lutetian	Cenozoic 2																	41.2
		Ypresian	Cenozoic 2																	47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Cenozoic 1																	56
		Selandian																		59.2
		Danian																		61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Cretaceous 8									Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian						Senonian	Lancian/Edmontonian	66
		Campanian	Cretaceous 7									Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian							Judithian/Aquilan	72.1
		Santonian	Cretaceous 6									Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian								83.6
		Coniacian										Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian								86.3
		Turonian										Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian								89.8
		Cenomanian	Cretaceous 5									Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian								93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Cretaceous 4									Late Albian						Gallic		100.5
												Middle Albian								106.2 *
												Early Albian								109.9 *
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3									Late Aptian								113
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3									Early Aptian								119.5 *
		Barremian	Cretaceous 2									Late Barremian/Early Barremian								121.4
		Hauterivian	Cretaceous 2									Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian						Neocomian		125.77
		Valanginian	Cretaceous 1									Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian								132.6
		Berriasian										Late Berriasian								139.8
												Middle Berriasian								140.6 *
												Early Berriasian								142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Jurassic 6		Oteke	Puaroan						Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian							145
		Tithonian	Jurassic 6									Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian							146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian	Jurassic 5									Late Kimmeridgian								149.2
					Kawhia	Ohauan						Late Kimmeridgian								150
						Ohauan						Early Kimmeridgian								152.2 *
						Heterian						Early Kimmeridgian								154.5
		Oxfordian										Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian							154.8
		Oxfordian											Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian							157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian										Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian								161.5
		Callovian				Temaikan						Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian								164.3
		Bathonian	Jurassic 4									Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian								165.3
		Bajocian										Late Bajocian								168.2
		Bajocian										Early Bajocian								168.6 *
		Aalenian	Jurassic 3									Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian								170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian										Late Toarcian								174.7
					Herangi	Ururoan						Late Toarcian								176
												Middle Toarcian								180.4 *
												Early Toarcian								182.9 *
		Pliensbachian	Jurassic 2									Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian								184.2
		Pliensbachian	Jurassic 2			Aratauran						Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian								188.9
		Sinemurian	Jurassic 1									Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian								192.9
		Hettangian	Jurassic 1									Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian								199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Triassic 4		Balfour	Otapirian														201.4
		Norian		Warepan		Sevatian	208.5
						Alaunian	213.2 *
						Lacian	216.7 *
				Otamitan			217
				Oretian			221
		Carnian	Triassic 3	Oretian		Tuvalian	227
				Gore	Kaihikuan	Tuvalian	227.5
						Julian	233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Triassic 2			Longobardian	237
					Etalian	Longobardian	238
						Fassanian	239.7 *
		Anisian				Illyrian	242
						Pelsonian	243.8 *
						Bithynian	244.7 *
						Aegean	245.5 *
					Malakovian	Aegean	246
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Triassic 1			Spathian	247.2
						Smithian	248.9 *
					Nelsonian	Smithian	249
		Induan				Dienerian	251.2
						Griesbachian	251.4 *
				DUrville	Makarewan	Griesbachian	251.5
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Permian 4		Makarewan		Dorashamian	251.902
		Changhsingian			Waiitian		Dorashamian	253.2
		Wuchiapingian			Waiitian		Dzhulfian	254.14
		Wuchiapingian			Puruhauan		Dzhulfian	254.2
	Guadalupian	Capitanian		Aparima	Flettian		Midian	259.51
		Wordian			Flettian			264.28
					Barettian			266
							Murgabian	266.2 *
		Roadian	Permian 3				Murgabian	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Permian 2				Kubergandian	273.01
					Mangapirian		Kubergandian	276
							Bolorian	279.8
		Artinskian						283.5
					Telfordian			285
					Telfordian		Yakhtashian	286
							Yakhtashian	288.5
		Sakmarian					Sakmarian	290.1
		Asselian	Permian 1				Asselian	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Carboniferous 5				Mapingian †		298.9
		Kasimovian					Mapingian †		303.7
		Kasimovian							305.9
		Moscovian	Carboniferous 4						307
		Bashkirian	Carboniferous 4						315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3						323.2
		Visean	Carboniferous 2						330.9
		Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1						346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Devonian 5						Famennian	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian	Devonian 4						Frasnian	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Devonian 3						Givetian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Devonian 3						Couvinien	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Devonian 2							393.3
		Pragian	Devonian 1							407.6
		Pragian							Coblencien	408.2 *
		Lochkovian							Gedinnine	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli		Silurian 2							419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian								423
	Ludlow	Gorstian								425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian								427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian								430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	Silurian 1							433.4
		Aeronian								438.5
		Rhuddanian								440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ordovician 5							Harju	Porkuni	Ashgill	Hirnantian	443.8
		Katian									Pirgu		Rawtheyan	445.2
													Cautleyan	448.9 *
													Pusgillian	449.3 *
											Vormsi	Caradoc	Streffordian	Onnian †	449.6 *
											Nabala				Johvi †	450 *
										Viru	Rakvere					450.6 *
											Rakvere		Cheneyan			451.5 *
											Oandu		Cheneyan			452 *
											Oandu		Burrellian			452.7 *
		Sandbian	Ordovician 4								Keila				Idavere †	453
											Keila			Actonian †		453.2 *
											Haljala			Actonian †		453.9
														Marshbrookian †		Woolstonian †	454.2 *
														Longvillian †			455.2 *
											Kukruse						456.4 *
													Aurelucian				456.8 *
														Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian			457.4 *
											Uhaku			Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian	Aluoja †		457.5 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Ordovician 3								Uhaku	Llanvirn	Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn				458.4
											Lasnamagi						458.9 *
											Aseri						460.4 *
						Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn					Aseri		461.3 *
										Oeland	Kunda		462.9 *
											Kunda		Valaste †/Hunderum		464.3 *
											Volkhov				Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka		467.1 *
		Dapingian	Ordovician 2														467.3
						Arenig						Fennian					468.4 *
											Billingen						469.3 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian															470
													Latorp †				470.1 *
												Whitlandian					471.1 *
											Hunneberg	Whitlandian					473.7 *
												Moridunian					474.3 *
		Tremadocian	Ordovician 1			Tremadoc						Migneintian					477.7
												Cressagian					480.8 *
											Varangu						481.3 *
				Pakerort	482.2 *
											485 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Cambrian 5									485.4
								486.3 *
										486.5
		Jiangshanian					489.5
		Paibian					494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Cambrian 4				497
		Drumian	Cambrian 4				500.5
		Wuliuan	Cambrian 3				504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Cambrian 3				509
	Series 2	Stage 3	Cambrian 2				514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Cambrian 2				521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian	Cambrian 1				529
																				538.8