PBDB Timescale

Ten Million Year Bins

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view

There are 56 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 1 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ten Million Year Bins	Carboniferous of North America	Mesozoic Subages		Permian of the Pamirs	Carboniferous of China	Cretaceous Subepochs	Devonian of Czechoslovakia	Ordovician of Ibero-Bohemia				Ammonite Chrons of North America	European Faunal Zones
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Cenozoic 6														0
		Northgrippian															0.0042
		Greenlandian															0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene															0.0117
		Chibanian															0.129
		Calabrian															0.774
		Gelasian														MN 17	1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian														MN 16	2.58
		Piacenzian														MN 15	3.2
		Zanclean														MN 15	3.6
																MN 14	4.2
																MN 13	4.9
	Miocene	Messinian														MN 13	5.333
		Tortonian														MN 12	7.246
																MN 11	7.75
																MN 10	8.7
																MN 9	9.7
																MN 7 + 8	11.1
		Serravallian	Cenozoic 5													MN 7 + 8	11.63
		Serravallian														MN 6	12.8 *
		Langhian														MN 5	13.82
		Burdigalian														MN 4	15.98
																MN 3	16.9
																MN 2	20
		Aquitanian														MN 2	20.44
		Aquitanian														MN 1	22.4
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Cenozoic 4														23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian	Cenozoic 4														27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian	Cenozoic 3														33.9
		Bartonian	Cenozoic 3														37.71
		Lutetian	Cenozoic 2														41.2
		Ypresian	Cenozoic 2														47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Cenozoic 1														56
		Selandian															59.2
		Danian															61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Cretaceous 8		Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian				Senonian								66
		Campanian	Cretaceous 7		Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian												72.1
		Santonian	Cretaceous 6		Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian												83.6
		Coniacian			Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian												86.3
		Turonian			Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian												89.8
		Cenomanian	Cretaceous 5		Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian												93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Cretaceous 4		Late Albian				Gallic								100.5
					Middle Albian												106.2 *
					Early Albian												109.9 *
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3		Late Aptian												113
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3		Early Aptian												119.5 *
		Barremian	Cretaceous 2		Late Barremian/Early Barremian												121.4
		Hauterivian	Cretaceous 2		Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian				Neocomian								125.77
		Valanginian	Cretaceous 1		Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian												132.6
		Berriasian			Late Berriasian												139.8
					Middle Berriasian												140.6 *
					Early Berriasian												142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Jurassic 6		Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian											145
		Tithonian	Jurassic 6		Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian											146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian	Jurassic 5		Late Kimmeridgian												149.2
		Kimmeridgian			Early Kimmeridgian												152.2 *
		Oxfordian			Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian											154.8
		Oxfordian				Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian											157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian			Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian												161.5
		Bathonian	Jurassic 4		Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian												165.3
		Bajocian			Late Bajocian										Epizigzagiceras		168.2
					Late Bajocian										Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense		168.4
					Early Bajocian										Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense		168.6 *
		Aalenian	Jurassic 3		Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian										Howelli/Scissum/Westermanni		170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian		Late Toarcian	Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta		174.7
					Planulata		179.3 *
							Arnioceras arnouldi	179.8 *
				Middle Toarcian				180.4 *
					Kanense			181.3 *
					Carlottense			182.3 *
				Early Toarcian	Carlottense			182.9 *
				Early Toarcian	Kunae			183.5 *
		Pliensbachian	Jurassic 2	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian	Kunae			184.2
					Freboldi			185.1 *
					Whiteavesi/Imlayi			Tetraspidoceras		186.2 *
								Tetraspidoceras		189.2 *
					Plesechioceras harbledownense/Asteroceras varians/Coroniceras			Canadensis		190.3 *
		Sinemurian	Jurassic 1	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian						192.9
					Pseudaetomoceras		Psiloceras			196.4 *
					Franziceras/Euphyllites					196.5 *
		Hettangian		Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian	Franziceras/Euphyllites					199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Triassic 4							201.4
		Norian		Sevatian						208.5
				Alaunian						213.2 *
				Lacian						216.7 *
		Carnian	Triassic 3	Tuvalian						227
		Carnian	Triassic 3	Julian						233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Triassic 2	Longobardian						237
		Ladinian		Fassanian						239.7 *
		Anisian		Illyrian						242
				Pelsonian						243.8 *
				Bithynian						244.7 *
				Aegean						245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Triassic 1	Spathian						247.2
		Olenekian		Smithian						248.9 *
		Induan		Dienerian						251.2
				Griesbachian						251.4 *
				Griesbachian						Kathwai	251.5 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Permian 4							Kathwai	Dorashamian	251.902
												252.4 *
										Chhidru		252.9 *
		Wuchiapingian								Chhidru	Dzhulfian	254.14
										Kalabagh		255 *
										Wargal		256 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian									Midian	259.51
		Wordian										264.28
												265.3 *
										Amb		266.1 *
											Murgabian	266.2 *
		Roadian	Permian 3									266.9
		Roadian	Permian 3									270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Permian 2								Kubergandian	273.01
		Kungurian									Bolorian	279.8
		Artinskian									Bolorian	283.5
		Artinskian									Yakhtashian	286
		Sakmarian									Sakmarian	290.1
		Asselian	Permian 1						Bursumian †		Asselian	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Carboniferous 5						Virgilian			298.9
		Gzhelian							Virgilian			Xiaodushanian	300 *
		Kasimovian							Missourian			Xiaodushanian	303.7
									Missourian			Dalaun	305.8 *
									Desmoinesian				305.9 *
		Moscovian	Carboniferous 4			307			Desmoinesian
		Moscovian				Atokan			312.7 *
		Bashkirian				Atokan			315.2
						Morrowan			318.4 *
									Huashibanian			318.5 *
									Lousuan			321.2 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3			Chesterian			Dewunian			323.2
		Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3						Shangsian			330.8 *
		Visean	Carboniferous 2						Shangsian			330.9
									Jiusian			335 *
						Meramecian						335.8 *
						Osagean						343.1 *
		Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1			Osagean			Tangbagouan			346.7
		Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1			Kinderhookian			Tangbagouan			351.9 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Devonian 5									358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian	Devonian 4									372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Devonian 3									Srbsko	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Devonian 3									Chotec	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Devonian 2									Daleje/Zlichovian	393.3
		Pragian	Devonian 1									Pragian	407.6
		Lochkovian	Devonian 1									Lochkovian	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli		Silurian 2									419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian										423
	Ludlow	Gorstian			425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian			427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian			430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	Silurian 1		433.4
		Aeronian			438.5
		Rhuddanian			440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ordovician 5		Kosovian		443.8
		Katian			Kralodvorian		Bohdalec †					445.2
		Katian			Berounian							449.7 *
		Sandbian	Ordovician 4									453
												Zahorany †/Vinice	Letna †	456.2 *
							Liben †							458 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Ordovician 3											458.4
					Dobrotivian									458.5 *
					Oretanian									459.7 *
							Sarka †							461.7 *
		Dapingian	Ordovician 2				Klabava †							467.3
		Dapingian		Arenigian	468
	Early Ordovician	Floian		Arenigian	470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian	Ordovician 1	Tremadocian			477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Cambrian 5				485.4
		Jiangshanian					489.5
		Paibian					494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Cambrian 4				497
		Drumian	Cambrian 4				500.5
		Wuliuan	Cambrian 3				504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Cambrian 3				509
	Series 2	Stage 3	Cambrian 2				514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Cambrian 2				521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian	Cambrian 1				529
																	538.8