PBDB Timescale

Ten Million Year Bins

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view

There are 56 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 1 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ten Million Year Bins	Obsolete Carboniferous Ages of China	North American Land Mammal Ages	Ordovician of Ibero-Bohemia				Permian of China	Permian Subages of Germany	Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		South American Land Mammal Ages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Cenozoic 6		Saintaugustinean							Wanganui	Haweran					0
		Meghalayan			Santarosean													0.0004
		Northgrippian																0.0042
		Greenlandian																0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene														Lujanian		0.0117
		Late Pleistocene			Rancholabrean													0.014
		Chibanian			Rancholabrean													0.129
					Irvingtonian													0.21
																Ensenadan		0.3 *
													Castlecliffian					0.34
		Calabrian																0.774
					Blancan													1.4
													Nukumaruan					1.63
																Sanandresian	Uquian †	1.7 *
		Gelasian																1.8
		Gelasian											Mangapanian					2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian														Vorohuean		2.58
																Chapadmalalan		2.9 *
													Waipipian					3
		Zanclean											Waipipian					3.6
													Opoitian			Montehermosan		3.7 *
					Hemphillian											Montehermosan		4.7
																Huayquerian		4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian										Taranaki	Kapitean					5.333
		Messinian											Tongaporutuan					7.2
		Tortonian																7.246
																Chasicoan		7.9 *
					Clarendonian											Chasicoan		9.4
																Mayoan		9.9 *
																Laventan		10.9 *
												Southland	Waiauan					11.04
		Serravallian	Cenozoic 5															11.63
					Barstovian													12.5
													Lillburnian					13.05
																Colloncuran		13.7 *
		Langhian																13.82
													Clifdenian					15.1
													Clifdenian			Friasian		15.4 *
												Pareora	Altonian					15.9
		Burdigalian																15.98
																Santacrucian		16.2 *
					Hemingfordian											Santacrucian		16.3
					Hemingfordian											Colhuehuapian		17.4 *
					Arikareean													18.5
													Otaian					18.7
		Aquitanian																20.44
																Deseadan		20.9 *
												Landon	Waitakian					21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Cenozoic 4										Waitakian	Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian			23.03
													Duntroonian					25.2
													Whaingaroan					27.3
		Rupelian												Kekeamuan				27.82
																Tinguirirican		28.9 *
					Whitneyan													29.5
					Orellan													31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian	Cenozoic 3		Chadronian									Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian				33.9
												Arnold	Runangan					34.6
													Runangan			Divisaderan		35.9 *
													Kaiatan					36.7
					Duchesnean													37
		Bartonian												Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan				37.71
													Bortonian					39.1
					Uintan													39.7
		Lutetian	Cenozoic 2															41.2
				Mustersan		41.9 *
						Dannevirke	Porangan	42.6
							Heretaungan	45.7
					Bridgerian			46.2
		Ypresian						Bumbanian	47.8
				Casamayoran					47.9 *
							Mangaorapan		48.9
					Wasatchian		Mangaorapan		50.5
					Wasatchian		Waipawan		52
					Clarkforkian		Waipawan		54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Cenozoic 1	Teurian	Clarkforkian		Gashatan		Riochican	56
					Tiffanian				Riochican	56.2
									Itaboraian	56.9 *
									Peligran	58.9 *
		Selandian								59.2
		Selandian			Torrejonian					60.9
		Danian								61.6
									Tiupampan	62.4 *
					Puercan				Tiupampan	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Cretaceous 8		Mata	Haumurian				66
		Campanian	Cretaceous 7			Haumurian				72.1
		Santonian	Cretaceous 6			Piripauan				83.6
		Santonian			Raukumara	Teratan				86.1
		Coniacian								86.3
		Turonian								89.8
						Mangaotanean				90.5
						Arowhanan				93.7
		Cenomanian	Cretaceous 5			Arowhanan				93.9
					Clarence	Ngaterian				95.2
						Motuan				99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Cretaceous 4			Motuan				100.5
						Urutawan				103.3
					Taitai	Korangan				108.4
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3			Korangan				113
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3							117.5
		Barremian	Cretaceous 2							121.4
		Hauterivian	Cretaceous 2							125.77
		Valanginian	Cretaceous 1							132.6
		Berriasian	Cretaceous 1							139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Jurassic 6							145
		Kimmeridgian	Jurassic 5							149.2
		Oxfordian								154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian								161.5
		Bathonian	Jurassic 4							165.3
		Bajocian	Jurassic 4							168.2
		Aalenian	Jurassic 3							170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Jurassic 3							174.7
		Pliensbachian	Jurassic 2							184.2
		Sinemurian	Jurassic 1							192.9
		Hettangian	Jurassic 1							199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Triassic 4							201.4
		Norian	Triassic 4							208.5
		Carnian	Triassic 3							227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Triassic 2							237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian	Triassic 2							242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Triassic 1							247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan	Triassic 1							251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Permian 4							Meishanian	Buntsandstein	251.902
		Changhsingian								Baoqingian		253.4 *
		Wuchiapingian								Laoshanian		254.14
		Wuchiapingian								Laibinian		257.7 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian								Lengwuan	Ohre/Aller	259.51
		Wordian								Kuhfengian	Leine	264.28
		Roadian	Permian 3							Kuhfengian		266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Permian 2							Luodianian		273.01
		Artinskian								Luodianian		283.5
		Artinskian								Longlinian		285.4 *
		Sakmarian								Longlinian		290.1
		Asselian	Permian 1							Zisongian		293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Carboniferous 5							Zisongian		Mapingian †	298.9
		Gzhelian											300.1
		Kasimovian											303.7
		Kasimovian											305.9
		Moscovian	Carboniferous 4										307
		Bashkirian	Carboniferous 4					315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3					323.2
		Visean	Carboniferous 2					330.9
		Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1					346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Devonian 5				358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian	Devonian 4				372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Devonian 3				382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Devonian 3				387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Devonian 2				393.3
		Pragian	Devonian 1	407.6
		Lochkovian	Devonian 1	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli		Silurian 2	419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian		423
	Ludlow	Gorstian		425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian		427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian		430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	Silurian 1	433.4
		Aeronian		438.5
		Rhuddanian		440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ordovician 5	Kosovian			443.8
		Katian		Kralodvorian			Bohdalec †	445.2
		Katian		Berounian				449.7 *
		Sandbian	Ordovician 4					453
								Zahorany †/Vinice	Letna †				456.2 *
						Liben †		458 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Ordovician 3					458.4
				Dobrotivian				458.5 *
				Oretanian				459.7 *
						Sarka †			461.7 *
		Dapingian	Ordovician 2		Klabava †	467.3
		Dapingian		Arenigian		468
	Early Ordovician	Floian		Arenigian		470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian	Ordovician 1	Tremadocian		477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Cambrian 5			485.4
		Jiangshanian				489.5
		Paibian				494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Cambrian 4			497
		Guzhangian				Arcadian			498.4
		Drumian							500.5
		Wuliuan	Cambrian 3						504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Cambrian 3			Branchian			509
		Stage 3	Cambrian 2			Branchian			514
		Stage 3				Placentian			517.1
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2							521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian	Cambrian 1						529
																		538.8