PBDB Timescale

Ten Million Year Bins

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 56 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 1 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ten Million Year Bins	Obsolete Carboniferous Ages of China	Permian of the Pamirs	Silurian of England		Carboniferous of Western Europe		Permian of China	Devonian of Eastern North America	Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe	North American Land Mammal Ages	Cambrian of Australia
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Cenozoic 6										Saintaugustinean		0
		Meghalayan											Santarosean		0.0004
		Northgrippian													0.0042
		Greenlandian													0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene										Tarantian			0.0117
		Late Pleistocene										Tarantian	Rancholabrean		0.014
		Chibanian										Ionian	Rancholabrean		0.129
		Chibanian										Ionian	Irvingtonian		0.21
		Calabrian											Irvingtonian		0.774
		Calabrian											Blancan		1.4
		Gelasian													1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian													2.58
		Zanclean													3.6
		Zanclean											Hemphillian		4.7
	Miocene	Messinian													5.333
		Tortonian													7.246
		Tortonian											Clarendonian		9.4
		Serravallian	Cenozoic 5										Clarendonian		11.63
		Serravallian											Barstovian		12.5
		Langhian													13.82
		Burdigalian													15.98
													Hemingfordian		16.3
													Arikareean		18.5
		Aquitanian													20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Cenozoic 4												23.03
		Rupelian													27.82
													Whitneyan		29.5
													Orellan		31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian	Cenozoic 3										Chadronian		33.9
		Priabonian											Duchesnean		37
		Bartonian											Duchesnean		37.71
		Bartonian											Uintan		39.7
		Lutetian	Cenozoic 2										Uintan		41.2
		Lutetian											Bridgerian		46.2
		Ypresian											Bridgerian		47.8
													Wasatchian		50.5
													Clarkforkian		54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Cenozoic 1										Clarkforkian		56
		Thanetian											Tiffanian		56.2
		Selandian											Tiffanian		59.2
		Selandian											Torrejonian		60.9
		Danian											Torrejonian		61.6
		Danian											Puercan		63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Cretaceous 8												66
		Campanian	Cretaceous 7												72.1
		Santonian	Cretaceous 6												83.6
		Coniacian													86.3
		Turonian													89.8
		Cenomanian	Cretaceous 5												93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Cretaceous 4												100.5
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3												113
		Barremian	Cretaceous 2												121.4
		Hauterivian	Cretaceous 2												125.77
		Valanginian	Cretaceous 1												132.6
		Berriasian	Cretaceous 1												139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Jurassic 6												145
		Kimmeridgian	Jurassic 5												149.2
		Oxfordian													154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian													161.5
		Bathonian	Jurassic 4												165.3
		Bajocian	Jurassic 4												168.2
		Aalenian	Jurassic 3												170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Jurassic 3												174.7
		Pliensbachian	Jurassic 2												184.2
		Sinemurian	Jurassic 1	192.9
		Hettangian	Jurassic 1	199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Triassic 4	201.4
		Norian	Triassic 4	208.5
		Carnian	Triassic 3	227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Triassic 2	237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian	Triassic 2	242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Triassic 1	247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan	Triassic 1	251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Permian 4	Dorashamian	Meishanian	251.902
		Changhsingian		Dorashamian	Baoqingian	253.4 *
		Wuchiapingian		Dzhulfian	Laoshanian	254.14
		Wuchiapingian		Dzhulfian	Laibinian	257.7 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian		Midian	Lengwuan	259.51
		Wordian		Midian	Kuhfengian	264.28
		Wordian		Murgabian		266.2 *
		Roadian	Permian 3	Murgabian		266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Permian 2	Kubergandian	Luodianian	273.01
		Kungurian		Bolorian		279.8
		Artinskian				283.5
					Longlinian	285.4 *
				Yakhtashian		286
		Sakmarian		Sakmarian		290.1
		Asselian	Permian 1	Asselian	Zisongian	293.52
		Asselian	Permian 1	Asselian		Kuzel	297.7
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Carboniferous 5	Mapingian †				298.9
								300.1
						Stephanian		Stephanian C	300.3 *
								Stephanian B	300.9 *
								Stephanian A	301.4 *
		Kasimovian						Stephanian A	303.7
								Cantabrian	305 *
									305.9
		Moscovian	Carboniferous 4						307
						Westphalian		Westphalian D	307.4 *
								Westphalian C	309.8
								Westphalian B	314.6
		Bashkirian						Westphalian B	315.2
								Westphalian A	317 *
						Namurian		Yeadonian	318.8 *
								Marsdenian	320.2 *
								Kinderscoutian	321.5 *
								Alportian	322 *
								Chokierian	323.1 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3					Chokierian	323.2
								Arnsbergian	324 *
								Pendleian	327.4 *
		Visean	Carboniferous 2			Warnantian		Brigantian †	330.9
						Livian		Asbian †	336.3 *
						Moliniacian		Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian	340.2 *
		Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1			Ivorian			346.7
		Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1			Hastarian			353.7 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Devonian 5						Conewangan/Conneautan/Canadaway	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian	Devonian 4						West Fallsian/Sonyean	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Devonian 3						Geneseean/Taghanican/Tioughniogan	Cazenovian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Devonian 3						Southwoodian	Cazenovian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Devonian 2						Sawkillian/Deer Parkian	Helderbergian	393.3
		Pragian	Devonian 1								407.6
		Lochkovian	Devonian 1								410.8
Silurian	Pridoli		Silurian 2							Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Whitcliffe/Leintwardine	419.2
	Pridoli									Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Bringewood/Elton	421.3
	Ludlow	Ludfordian								Coalbrookdale	Wenlock (England)/Tickwood	423
		Gorstian										425.6
		Gorstian									Buildwas	426.4 *
	Wenlock	Homerian									Buildwas	427.4
		Homerian								Wych	Woolhope	428.4 *
		Sheinwoodian										430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	Silurian 1									433.4
		Telychian										436.3 *
		Aeronian										438.5
		Aeronian								Cowleigh Park		439.3 *
		Rhuddanian								Cowleigh Park		440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ordovician 5									443.8
		Katian	Ordovician 5									445.2
		Sandbian	Ordovician 4									453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Ordovician 3									458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian	Ordovician 2									467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian	Ordovician 2									470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian	Ordovician 1									477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Cambrian 5									Datsonian	485.4
		Stage 10										Payntonian	486.8 *
		Jiangshanian										Iverian	489.5
		Paibian										Idamean	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Cambrian 4									Mindyallan	497
												Mindyallan	Arcadian	498.4
												Boomerangian		499
		Drumian										Undillan		500.5
		Drumian										Floran		503
		Wuliuan	Cambrian 3									Templetonian		504.5
		Wuliuan					Ordian					507.8 *
	Series 2	Stage 4			Branchian		Ordian					509
		Stage 4										510.8 *
		Stage 3	Cambrian 2									514
		Stage 3			Placentian							517.1
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2										521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian	Cambrian 1									529
															538.8