PBDB Timescale

Ten Million Year Bins

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 56 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

This timescale is used in the definition of 1 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ten Million Year Bins	Carboniferous of China	North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand		Cambrian of Britain		Permian of North America	Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		European Faunal Units
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Cenozoic 6										Wanganui	Haweran		0
		Northgrippian														0.0042
		Greenlandian														0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene			Sheridanian											0.0117
		Chibanian			Sheridanian											0.129
					Cudahyan/Sappan											0.21
														Castlecliffian		0.34
		Calabrian														0.774
					Senecan/Rexroadian											1.4
														Nukumaruan		1.63
		Gelasian												Nukumaruan		1.8
		Gelasian												Mangapanian		2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian												Mangapanian	Villanyian	2.58
														Waipipian	Villanyian	3
															Ruscinian	3.1 *
		Zanclean														3.6
														Opoitian		3.7
					Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian									Opoitian		4.7
	Miocene	Messinian											Taranaki	Kapitean	Turolian	5.333
		Messinian												Tongaporutuan		7.2
		Tortonian														7.246
															Vallesian	8.7
					Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian											9.4
													Southland	Waiauan		11.04
		Serravallian	Cenozoic 5												Astaracian	11.63
					late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian											12.5
														Lillburnian		13.05
		Langhian												Lillburnian		13.82
														Clifdenian		15.1
													Pareora	Altonian		15.9
		Burdigalian													Orleanian	15.98
					Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian											16.3
					late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian										18.5
														Otaian		18.7
															Agenian	20
		Aquitanian														20.44
		Aquitanian											Landon	Waitakian		21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Cenozoic 4													23.03
						Monroecreekian										23.1 *
						Geringian										24.7 *
														Duntroonian		25.2
														Whaingaroan		27.3
		Rupelian														27.82
		Rupelian														29.5
	Eocene	Priabonian	Cenozoic 3		Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian											33.9
													Arnold	Runangan		34.6
														Kaiatan		36.7
																37
		Bartonian														37.71
														Bortonian		39.1
					Late Uintan/Early Uintan											39.7
		Lutetian	Cenozoic 2													41.2
													Dannevirke	Porangan		42.6
														Heretaungan		45.7
					Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian											46.2
		Ypresian														47.8
														Mangaorapan		48.9
					Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean									Mangaorapan		50.5
					Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean									Waipawan		52
							Cf3/Cf2/Cf1							Waipawan		54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Cenozoic 1				Cf3/Cf2/Cf1							Teurian		56
		Thanetian					Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1									56.2
		Selandian					Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1									59.2
		Selandian					To3/To2/To1									60.9
		Danian		61.6			To3/To2/To1
		Danian		Pu3/Pu2/Pu1			63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Cretaceous 8				Mata	Haumurian	66
		Campanian	Cretaceous 7					Haumurian	72.1
		Santonian	Cretaceous 6					Piripauan	83.6
		Santonian					Raukumara	Teratan	86.1
		Coniacian							86.3
		Turonian							89.8
								Mangaotanean	90.5
								Arowhanan	93.7
		Cenomanian	Cretaceous 5					Arowhanan	93.9
							Clarence	Ngaterian	95.2
								Motuan	99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Cretaceous 4					Motuan	100.5
								Urutawan	103.3
							Taitai	Korangan	108.4
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3					Korangan	113
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3						117.5
		Barremian	Cretaceous 2						121.4
		Hauterivian	Cretaceous 2						125.77
		Valanginian	Cretaceous 1						132.6
		Berriasian	Cretaceous 1						139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Jurassic 6				Oteke		Puaroan		145
		Kimmeridgian	Jurassic 5				Oteke		Puaroan		149.2
							Kawhia		Ohauan		150
									Heterian		154.5
		Oxfordian									154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian									161.5
		Callovian							Temaikan		164.3
		Bathonian	Jurassic 4								165.3
		Bajocian	Jurassic 4								168.2
		Aalenian	Jurassic 3								170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian									174.7
		Toarcian					Herangi		Ururoan		176
		Pliensbachian	Jurassic 2						Ururoan		184.2
		Pliensbachian	Jurassic 2						Aratauran		188.9
		Sinemurian	Jurassic 1								192.9
		Hettangian	Jurassic 1								199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Triassic 4				Balfour		Otapirian		201.4
		Norian							Warepan		208.5
									Otamitan		217
									Oretian		221
		Carnian	Triassic 3						Oretian		227
		Carnian	Triassic 3			Gore	Kaihikuan		227.5
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Triassic 2				Kaihikuan		237
		Ladinian					Etalian		238
		Anisian					Etalian		242
		Anisian					Malakovian		246
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Triassic 1				Malakovian		247.2
		Olenekian					Nelsonian		249
		Induan					Nelsonian		251.2
		Induan				DUrville	Makarewan		251.5
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Permian 4				Makarewan		251.902
		Changhsingian					Waiitian		253.2
		Wuchiapingian					Waiitian		254.14
		Wuchiapingian					Puruhauan		254.2
	Guadalupian	Capitanian				Aparima	Flettian		Capitanian		259.51
		Wordian					Flettian		Wordian		264.28
		Wordian					Barettian		Wordian		266
		Roadian	Permian 3		Roadian				266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Permian 2		Leonardian				Cathedralian		273.01
							Mangapirian		Cathedralian		276
									Hessian		281.9 *
		Artinskian									283.5
							Telfordian				285
					Wolfcampian		Telfordian		Lenoxian		286.1 *
							288.5
		Sakmarian					290.1
		Asselian	Permian 1				Nealian		293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Carboniferous 5						Late Pennsylvanian		298.9
		Gzhelian									Xiaodushanian	300 *
		Kasimovian									Xiaodushanian	303.7
		Kasimovian									Dalaun	305.8 *
		Moscovian	Carboniferous 4						Middle Pennsylvanian			307
		Bashkirian							Early Pennsylvanian			315.2
											Huashibanian	318.5 *
											Lousuan	321.2 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3						Dewunian		Late Mississippian	323.2
		Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3						Shangsian		Late Mississippian	330.8 *
		Visean	Carboniferous 2						Shangsian		Middle Mississippian	330.9
		Visean	Carboniferous 2						Jiusian		Middle Mississippian	335 *
		Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1					Tangbagouan	Early Mississippian		346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Devonian 5								358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian	Devonian 4								372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Devonian 3								382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Devonian 3								387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Devonian 2							393.3
		Pragian	Devonian 1							407.6
		Lochkovian	Devonian 1							410.8
Silurian	Pridoli		Silurian 2							419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian								423
	Ludlow	Gorstian								425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian								427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian								430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	Silurian 1							433.4
		Aeronian								438.5
		Rhuddanian								440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ordovician 5							443.8
		Katian	Ordovician 5							445.2
		Sandbian	Ordovician 4							453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Ordovician 3							458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian	Ordovician 2							467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian	Ordovician 2							470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian	Ordovician 1							477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Cambrian 5							Merioneth	Dolgellian/Trempealeauan	485.4
		Stage 10									Festiniogian	489.2 *
		Jiangshanian									Festiniogian	489.5
		Jiangshanian									Maentwrogian	493.1 *
		Paibian									Maentwrogian	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Cambrian 4							St Davids		497
		Drumian	Cambrian 4									500.5
		Wuliuan	Cambrian 3									504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Cambrian 3							Caerfai		509
	Series 2	Stage 3	Cambrian 2									514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Cambrian 2									521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian	Cambrian 1									529
																538.8