PBDB Timescale

Ten Million Year Bins

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
J. A. Lillegraven and M. C. McKenna. 1986. Fossil mammals from the "Mesaverde" Formation (Late Cretaceous, Judithian) of the Bighorn and Wind River basins, Wyoming, with definitions of Late Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal "Ages". American Museum Novitates 2840:1-68 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view

There are 56 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

This timescale is used in the definition of 1 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ten Million Year Bins	Carboniferous of China	Mesozoic Subages		Devonian of Germany	Devonian of Czechoslovakia	Permo-Triassic Subages of Eastern Europe	Cambrian of West Avalonia	Carboniferous Subepochs	Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal Ages	Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Cenozoic 6												0
		Northgrippian													0.0042
		Greenlandian													0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene													0.0117
		Chibanian													0.129
		Calabrian													0.774
		Gelasian													1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian													2.58
	Pliocene	Zanclean													3.6
	Miocene	Messinian													5.333
		Tortonian													7.246
		Serravallian	Cenozoic 5												11.63
		Langhian													13.82
		Burdigalian													15.98
		Aquitanian													20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Cenozoic 4										Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian	23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian	Cenozoic 4										Kekeamuan	Hsandagolian	27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian	Cenozoic 3										Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian		33.9
		Bartonian	Cenozoic 3										Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan		37.71
		Lutetian	Cenozoic 2												41.2
		Ypresian	Cenozoic 2											Bumbanian	47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Cenozoic 1										Gashatan		56
		Selandian													59.2
		Danian													61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Cretaceous 8		Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian							Lancian/Edmontonian			66
		Campanian	Cretaceous 7		Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian							Judithian/Aquilan			72.1
		Santonian	Cretaceous 6		Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian										83.6
		Coniacian			Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian										86.3
		Turonian			Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian										89.8
		Cenomanian	Cretaceous 5		Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian										93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Cretaceous 4		Late Albian										100.5
					Middle Albian										106.2 *
					Early Albian										109.9 *
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3		Late Aptian										113
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3		Early Aptian										119.5 *
		Barremian	Cretaceous 2		Late Barremian/Early Barremian										121.4
		Hauterivian	Cretaceous 2		Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian										125.77
		Valanginian	Cretaceous 1		Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian										132.6
		Berriasian			Late Berriasian										139.8
					Middle Berriasian										140.6 *
					Early Berriasian										142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Jurassic 6		Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian									145
		Tithonian	Jurassic 6		Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian									146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian	Jurassic 5		Late Kimmeridgian										149.2
		Kimmeridgian			Early Kimmeridgian										152.2 *
		Oxfordian			Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian									154.8
		Oxfordian				Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian									157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian			Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian										161.5
		Bathonian	Jurassic 4		Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian										165.3
		Bajocian			Late Bajocian										168.2
		Bajocian			Early Bajocian										168.6 *
		Aalenian	Jurassic 3		Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian										170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian			Late Toarcian										174.7
					Middle Toarcian										180.4 *
					Early Toarcian										182.9 *
		Pliensbachian	Jurassic 2		Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian										184.2
		Sinemurian	Jurassic 1		Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian										192.9
		Hettangian	Jurassic 1		Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian										199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Triassic 4												201.4
		Norian			Sevatian										208.5
					Alaunian										213.2 *
					Lacian										216.7 *
		Carnian	Triassic 3		Tuvalian										227
		Carnian	Triassic 3		Julian										233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Triassic 2	Longobardian	237
		Ladinian		Fassanian	239.7 *
		Anisian		Illyrian	242
				Pelsonian	243.8 *
				Bithynian	244.7 *
				Aegean	245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Triassic 1	Spathian	Vokhmian		247.2
		Olenekian		Smithian			248.9 *
		Induan		Dienerian			251.2
		Induan		Griesbachian			251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Permian 4				251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian			Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian		254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian			Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian		259.51
		Wordian			Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian		264.28
		Roadian	Permian 3		Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian		266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Permian 2				273.01
		Artinskian					283.5
		Sakmarian					290.1
		Asselian	Permian 1				293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Carboniferous 5				Late Pennsylvanian	298.9
		Gzhelian						Xiaodushanian	300 *
		Kasimovian						Xiaodushanian	303.7
		Kasimovian						Dalaun	305.8 *
		Moscovian	Carboniferous 4				Middle Pennsylvanian		307
		Bashkirian					Early Pennsylvanian		315.2
								Huashibanian	318.5 *
								Lousuan	321.2 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3				Dewunian	Late Mississippian	323.2
		Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3				Shangsian	Late Mississippian	330.8 *
		Visean	Carboniferous 2				Shangsian	Middle Mississippian	330.9
		Visean	Carboniferous 2				Jiusian	Middle Mississippian	335 *
		Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1				Tangbagouan	Early Mississippian	346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Devonian 5					Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden		358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian	Devonian 4					Adorf		372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Devonian 3					Givetian		Srbsko	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Devonian 3					Eifelian		Chotec	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Devonian 2					Emsian		Daleje/Zlichovian	393.3
		Pragian	Devonian 1					Siegen		Pragian	407.6
		Lochkovian	Devonian 1					Gedinnine		Lochkovian	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli		Silurian 2								419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian									423
	Ludlow	Gorstian									425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian									427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian									430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	Silurian 1								433.4
		Aeronian									438.5
		Rhuddanian									440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ordovician 5			443.8
		Katian	Ordovician 5			445.2
		Sandbian	Ordovician 4			453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Ordovician 3			458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian	Ordovician 2			467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian	Ordovician 2			470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian	Ordovician 1			Ungurian					477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Cambrian 5			Batyrbaian					485.4
		Jiangshanian				Batyrbaian					489.5
						Aksaian					490.7 *
						Sakian					492.2 *
		Paibian				Sakian					494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Cambrian 4			Ayusokkanian					497
						Ayusokkanian					Arcadian	498.4
												499.5
		Drumian				Zhanaarykian						500.5
		Drumian				Tuesaian						503
		Wuliuan	Cambrian 3			Tuesaian						504.5
		Wuliuan										505.3
	Series 2	Stage 4									Branchian	509
						Toyonian						510 *
						Botomian						512.5 *
		Stage 3	Cambrian 2			Botomian						514
						Atdabanian						515.6 *
						Atdabanian					Placentian	517.1
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2				Tommotian						521
		Stage 2										525.5
		Fortunian	Cambrian 1	529
															538.8