PBDB Timescale

Ten Million Year Bins

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
D. H. Erwin and S. A. Bowring. 2004. Cambrian time scale. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view

There are 56 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 1 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ten Million Year Bins	Carboniferous of Western Europe		Cambrian of Siberia			Obsolete Names for ICS Units			Cambrian Epochs	Mesozoic Subages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Cenozoic 6												0
		Northgrippian													0.0042
		Greenlandian													0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene													0.0117
		Chibanian													0.129
		Calabrian													0.774
		Gelasian													1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian							Tertiary †						2.58
	Pliocene	Zanclean													3.6
	Miocene	Messinian													5.333
		Tortonian													7.246
		Serravallian	Cenozoic 5												11.63
		Langhian													13.82
		Burdigalian													15.98
		Aquitanian													20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Cenozoic 4												23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian	Cenozoic 4												27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian	Cenozoic 3												33.9
		Bartonian	Cenozoic 3												37.71
		Lutetian	Cenozoic 2												41.2
		Ypresian	Cenozoic 2												47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Cenozoic 1												56
		Selandian													59.2
		Danian													61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Cretaceous 8										Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian		66
		Campanian	Cretaceous 7										Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian		72.1
		Santonian	Cretaceous 6										Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian		83.6
		Coniacian											Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian		86.3
		Turonian											Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian		89.8
		Cenomanian	Cretaceous 5										Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian		93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Cretaceous 4										Late Albian		100.5
													Middle Albian		106.2 *
													Early Albian		109.9 *
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3										Late Aptian		113
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3										Early Aptian		119.5 *
		Barremian	Cretaceous 2										Late Barremian/Early Barremian		121.4
		Hauterivian	Cretaceous 2										Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian		125.77
		Valanginian	Cretaceous 1										Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian		132.6
		Berriasian											Late Berriasian		139.8
													Middle Berriasian		140.6 *
													Early Berriasian		142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Jurassic 6										Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian	145
		Tithonian	Jurassic 6										Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian	146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian	Jurassic 5										Late Kimmeridgian		149.2
		Kimmeridgian											Early Kimmeridgian		152.2 *
		Oxfordian											Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	154.8
		Oxfordian												Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian											Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian		161.5
		Bathonian	Jurassic 4										Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian		165.3
		Bajocian											Late Bajocian		168.2
		Bajocian											Early Bajocian		168.6 *
		Aalenian	Jurassic 3										Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian		170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian											Late Toarcian		174.7
													Middle Toarcian		180.4 *
													Early Toarcian		182.9 *
		Pliensbachian	Jurassic 2										Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian		184.2
		Sinemurian	Jurassic 1										Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian		192.9
		Hettangian	Jurassic 1										Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian		199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Triassic 4												201.4
		Norian											Sevatian		208.5
													Alaunian		213.2 *
													Lacian		216.7 *
		Carnian	Triassic 3										Tuvalian		227
		Carnian	Triassic 3										Julian		233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Triassic 2	Longobardian	237
		Ladinian		Fassanian	239.7 *
		Anisian		Illyrian	242
				Pelsonian	243.8 *
				Bithynian	244.7 *
				Aegean	245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Triassic 1	Spathian	247.2
		Olenekian		Smithian	248.9 *
		Induan		Dienerian	251.2
				Griesbachian	251.4 *
				Griesbachian	Kathwai	251.5 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Permian 4		Kathwai	251.902
						252.4 *
					Chhidru	252.9 *
		Wuchiapingian			Chhidru	Longtanian †	254.14
					Kalabagh		255 *
					Wargal		256 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian					259.51
		Wordian					264.28
							265.3 *
					Amb		266.1 *
		Roadian	Permian 3		Amb		266.9
		Roadian	Permian 3				270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Permian 2				273.01
		Artinskian					283.5
		Sakmarian					290.1
		Asselian	Permian 1				293.52
		Asselian	Permian 1				Kuzel	297.7
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Carboniferous 5				Kuzel	298.9
							Stephanian	Stephanian C	300.3 *
								Stephanian B	300.9 *
								Stephanian A	301.4 *
		Kasimovian						Stephanian A	303.7
		Kasimovian						Cantabrian	305 *
		Moscovian	Carboniferous 4					Cantabrian	307
							Westphalian	Westphalian D	307.4 *
								Westphalian C	309.8
								Westphalian B	314.6
		Bashkirian						Westphalian B	315.2
								Westphalian A	317 *
							Namurian	Yeadonian	318.8 *
								Marsdenian	320.2 *
								Kinderscoutian	321.5 *
								Alportian	322 *
								Chokierian	323.1 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3					Chokierian	323.2
								Arnsbergian	324 *
								Pendleian	327.4 *
		Visean	Carboniferous 2				Warnantian	Brigantian †	330.9
							Livian	Asbian †	336.3 *
							Moliniacian	Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian	340.2 *
		Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1				Ivorian		346.7
		Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1				Hastarian		353.7 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Devonian 5						358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian	Devonian 4						372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Devonian 3						382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Devonian 3						387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Devonian 2						393.3
		Pragian	Devonian 1						407.6
		Lochkovian	Devonian 1						410.8
Silurian	Pridoli		Silurian 2						419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian							423
	Ludlow	Gorstian							425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian							427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian							430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	Silurian 1						433.4
		Aeronian							438.5
		Rhuddanian							440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ordovician 5						443.8
		Katian	Ordovician 5						445.2
		Sandbian	Ordovician 4						453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Ordovician 3						458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian	Ordovician 2						467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian	Ordovician 2						470
		Tremadocian	Ordovician 1						477.7
		Tremadocian	Ordovician 1	Mansian †					483.55 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Cambrian 5	Batyrbaian					Tavgian †	Ketyan †/Yurakian	Late Cambrian	485.4
		Jiangshanian		Batyrbaian								489.5
				Aksaian								490.7 *
				Sakian								492.2 *
		Paibian										494
		Paibian				Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian				494.7 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Cambrian 4	Ayusokkanian						Series 3 †	Middle Cambrian	497
		Guzhangian		Mayan/Menevian								499.5
		Drumian		Mayan/Menevian								500.5
		Wuliuan	Cambrian 3	Amgan/Solvan								Stage 5 †	504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4		Amgan/Solvan							Early Cambrian	509
				Toyonian		Lenian †						510 *
				Botomian								512.5 *
		Stage 3	Cambrian 2	Botomian								514
		Stage 3		Atdabanian								515.6 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2		Tommotian								521
		Stage 2		Nemakit-Daldynian								525.5
		Fortunian	Cambrian 1	Nemakit-Daldynian		Manykaian †						529
															538.8