PBDB Timescale

Ten Million Year Bins

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
M. Harzhauser and W. E. Piller. 2004. Integrated stratigraphy of the Sarmatian (Upper Middle Miocene) in the western Central Paratethys. Stratigraphy 1(1):65-86 view

There are 56 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 2 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ten Million Year Bins	Carboniferous of Western Europe		Ordovician of the Baltic				North American Land Mammal Ages	North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Cambrian of China		Mesozoic Subages		Central Paratethys Stages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Cenozoic 6							Saintaugustinean									0
		Meghalayan								Santarosean									0.0004
		Northgrippian																	0.0042
		Greenlandian																	0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene									Sheridanian								0.0117
		Late Pleistocene								Rancholabrean									0.014
		Chibanian								Rancholabrean									0.129
		Chibanian								Irvingtonian	Cudahyan/Sappan								0.21
		Calabrian								Irvingtonian	Cudahyan/Sappan								0.774
		Calabrian								Blancan	Senecan/Rexroadian								1.4
		Gelasian																	1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian																	2.58
		Zanclean																	3.6
		Zanclean								Hemphillian	Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian								4.7
	Miocene	Messinian																	5.333
		Tortonian																Pannonian	7.246
		Tortonian								Clarendonian	Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian							Pannonian	9.4
		Serravallian	Cenozoic 5							Clarendonian	Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian							Sarmatian	11.63
										Barstovian	late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian							Sarmatian	12.5
																		Badenian	12.8 *
		Langhian																	13.82
		Burdigalian																	15.98
										Hemingfordian	Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian								16.3
										Arikareean	late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian							18.5
		Aquitanian																	20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Cenozoic 4																23.03
												Monroecreekian							23.1 *
												Geringian							24.7 *
		Rupelian										Geringian							27.82
										Whitneyan									29.5
										Orellan									31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian	Cenozoic 3							Chadronian	Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian								33.9
		Priabonian								Duchesnean									37
		Bartonian								Duchesnean									37.71
		Bartonian								Uintan	Late Uintan/Early Uintan								39.7
		Lutetian	Cenozoic 2							Uintan	Late Uintan/Early Uintan								41.2
		Lutetian								Bridgerian	Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian								46.2
		Ypresian								Bridgerian	Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian								47.8
										Wasatchian	Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean								50.5
										Clarkforkian			Cf3/Cf2/Cf1						54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Cenozoic 1							Clarkforkian			Cf3/Cf2/Cf1						56
		Thanetian								Tiffanian			Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1						56.2
		Selandian								Tiffanian			Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1						59.2
		Selandian								Torrejonian			To3/To2/To1						60.9
		Danian								Torrejonian			To3/To2/To1						61.6
		Danian								Puercan			Pu3/Pu2/Pu1						63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Cretaceous 8													Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian			66
		Campanian	Cretaceous 7													Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian			72.1
		Santonian	Cretaceous 6													Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian			83.6
		Coniacian														Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian			86.3
		Turonian														Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian			89.8
		Cenomanian	Cretaceous 5													Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian			93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Cretaceous 4													Late Albian			100.5
																Middle Albian			106.2 *
																Early Albian			109.9 *
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3													Late Aptian			113
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3													Early Aptian			119.5 *
		Barremian	Cretaceous 2													Late Barremian/Early Barremian			121.4
		Hauterivian	Cretaceous 2													Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian			125.77
		Valanginian	Cretaceous 1													Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian			132.6
		Berriasian														Late Berriasian			139.8
																Middle Berriasian			140.6 *
																Early Berriasian			142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Jurassic 6													Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian		145
		Tithonian	Jurassic 6	Early Tithonian	146.3 *												Middle Tithonian
		Kimmeridgian	Jurassic 5	Late Kimmeridgian		149.2
		Kimmeridgian		Early Kimmeridgian		152.2 *
		Oxfordian		Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	154.8
		Oxfordian			Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian		Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian		161.5
		Bathonian	Jurassic 4	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian		165.3
		Bajocian		Late Bajocian		168.2
		Bajocian		Early Bajocian		168.6 *
		Aalenian	Jurassic 3	Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian		170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian		Late Toarcian		174.7
				Middle Toarcian		180.4 *
				Early Toarcian		182.9 *
		Pliensbachian	Jurassic 2	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian		184.2
		Sinemurian	Jurassic 1	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian		192.9
		Hettangian	Jurassic 1	Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian		199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Triassic 4			201.4
		Norian		Sevatian		208.5
				Alaunian		213.2 *
				Lacian		216.7 *
		Carnian	Triassic 3	Tuvalian		227
		Carnian	Triassic 3	Julian		233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Triassic 2	Longobardian		237
		Ladinian		Fassanian		239.7 *
		Anisian		Illyrian		242
				Pelsonian		243.8 *
				Bithynian		244.7 *
				Aegean		245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Triassic 1	Spathian		247.2
		Olenekian		Smithian		248.9 *
		Induan		Dienerian		251.2
		Induan		Griesbachian		251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Permian 4			251.902
		Wuchiapingian				254.14
		Wuchiapingian				Tatarian	Vyatkian	256.8 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian					Severodvinian	259.51
		Wordian					Urzhumian	264.28
		Roadian	Permian 3			Kazanian	Povolzhian	266.9
		Roadian	Permian 3			Kazanian	Sokian	270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Permian 2			Kungurian	Irenian/Ufimian	273.01
							Filipovian	276.5 *
							Saraninian	280.1 *
		Artinskian				Artinskian	Sarginian	283.5
							Irginian	285.9 *
							Burtsevian	287.8 *
		Sakmarian				Sakmarian	Sterlitamakian	290.1
		Sakmarian				Sakmarian	Tastubian	291.7 *
		Asselian	Permian 1			Asselian	Shikhanian	293.52
							Uskalykian	294.8
							Surenian	297.5
							Surenian	Kuzel	297.7
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Carboniferous 5					Kuzel	298.9
								Stephanian	Stephanian C	300.3 *
									Stephanian B	300.9 *
									Stephanian A	301.4 *
		Kasimovian							Stephanian A	303.7
		Kasimovian							Cantabrian	305 *
		Moscovian	Carboniferous 4						Cantabrian	307
								Westphalian	Westphalian D	307.4 *
									Westphalian C	309.8
									Westphalian B	314.6
		Bashkirian							Westphalian B	315.2
									Westphalian A	317 *
								Namurian	Yeadonian	318.8 *
									Marsdenian	320.2 *
									Kinderscoutian	321.5 *
									Alportian	322 *
									Chokierian	323.1 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3						Chokierian	323.2
					Arnsbergian				324 *
					Pendleian				327.4 *
		Visean	Carboniferous 2		Warnantian			Brigantian †	330.9
					Livian			Asbian †	336.3 *
					Moliniacian			Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian	340.2 *
		Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1		Ivorian				346.7
		Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1		Hastarian				353.7 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Devonian 5						358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian	Devonian 4						372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Devonian 3						382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Devonian 3						387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Devonian 2						393.3
		Pragian	Devonian 1						407.6
		Lochkovian	Devonian 1						410.8
Silurian	Pridoli		Silurian 2						419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian							423
	Ludlow	Gorstian							425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian							427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian							430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	Silurian 1						433.4
		Aeronian							438.5
		Rhuddanian							440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ordovician 5						Harju	Porkuni	443.8
		Katian								Pirgu	445.2
										Vormsi	449.6 *
										Nabala	Johvi †	450 *
									Viru	Rakvere		450.6 *
				Oandu						452 *
		Sandbian	Ordovician 4	Keila						Idavere †	453
				Haljala							453.9
				Kukruse							456.4 *
				Uhaku						Aluoja †	457.5 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Ordovician 3	Uhaku							458.4
				Lasnamagi							458.9 *
				Aseri							460.4 *
				Oeland					Kunda		462.9 *
									Kunda	Valaste †/Hunderum	464.3 *
									Volkhov		Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka	467.1 *
		Dapingian	Ordovician 2						Volkhov			467.3
		Dapingian							Billingen			469.3 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian										470
										Latorp †		470.1 *
									Hunneberg			473.7 *
		Tremadocian	Ordovician 1						Hunneberg			477.7
									Varangu			481.3 *
									Pakerort			482.2 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Cambrian 5				Niuchehean		Pakerort	Taoyuanian †		Merioneth	Dolgellian/Trempealeauan	485.4
														486.3 *
														486.5
													Festiniogian	489.2 *
		Jiangshanian					Jiangshanian						Festiniogian	489.5
		Jiangshanian					Jiangshanian						Maentwrogian	493.1 *
		Paibian					Paibian							494
		Paibian					Paibian			Waergangian †/Youshuanian				494.9 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Cambrian 4				Guzhangian			Wangcunian †		St Davids		497
		Guzhangian					Guzhangian							Arcadian	498.4
		Drumian					Drumian								500.5
		Wuliuan	Cambrian 3				Wuliuan/Taijangian								504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Cambrian 3				Duyunian					Caerfai		Branchian	509
		Stage 3	Cambrian 2				Nangaoian							Branchian	514
		Stage 3					Nangaoian							Placentian	517.1
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2					Meishucunian								521
		Fortunian	Cambrian 1				Meishucunian								529
		Fortunian	Cambrian 1				Jinnigian								530.7
																			538.8