PBDB Timescale

Ten Million Year Bins

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 56 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 2 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ten Million Year Bins	Carbo-Permian of the Russian Platform	Mesozoic Subages		Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		Silurian Ages of Europe	Obsolete Names for ICS Units			Ordovician of Australia	Cambrian Epochs	Silurian of North America			Devonian of Eastern North America
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Cenozoic 6																	0
		Northgrippian																		0.0042
		Greenlandian																		0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene																		0.0117
		Chibanian																		0.129
		Calabrian																		0.774
		Gelasian																		1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian								Tertiary †										2.58
	Pliocene	Zanclean																		3.6
	Miocene	Messinian																		5.333
		Tortonian																		7.246
		Serravallian	Cenozoic 5																	11.63
		Langhian																		13.82
		Burdigalian																		15.98
		Aquitanian																		20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Cenozoic 4				Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian												23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian	Cenozoic 4				Kekeamuan	Hsandagolian												27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian	Cenozoic 3				Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian													33.9
		Bartonian	Cenozoic 3				Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan													37.71
		Lutetian	Cenozoic 2																	41.2
		Ypresian	Cenozoic 2					Bumbanian												47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Cenozoic 1				Gashatan													56
		Selandian																		59.2
		Danian																		61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Cretaceous 8		Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian															66
		Campanian	Cretaceous 7		Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian															72.1
		Santonian	Cretaceous 6		Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian															83.6
		Coniacian			Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian															86.3
		Turonian			Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian															89.8
		Cenomanian	Cretaceous 5		Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian															93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Cretaceous 4		Late Albian															100.5
					Middle Albian															106.2 *
					Early Albian															109.9 *
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3		Late Aptian															113
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3		Early Aptian															119.5 *
		Barremian	Cretaceous 2		Late Barremian/Early Barremian															121.4
		Hauterivian	Cretaceous 2		Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian															125.77
		Valanginian	Cretaceous 1		Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian															132.6
		Berriasian			Late Berriasian															139.8
					Middle Berriasian															140.6 *
					Early Berriasian															142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Jurassic 6		Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian														145
		Tithonian	Jurassic 6		Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian														146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian	Jurassic 5		Late Kimmeridgian															149.2
		Kimmeridgian			Early Kimmeridgian															152.2 *
		Oxfordian			Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian														154.8
		Oxfordian				Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian														157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian			Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian															161.5
		Bathonian	Jurassic 4		Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian															165.3
		Bajocian			Late Bajocian															168.2
		Bajocian			Early Bajocian															168.6 *
		Aalenian	Jurassic 3		Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian															170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian			Late Toarcian															174.7
					Middle Toarcian															180.4 *
					Early Toarcian															182.9 *
		Pliensbachian	Jurassic 2		Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian															184.2
		Sinemurian	Jurassic 1		Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian															192.9
		Hettangian	Jurassic 1		Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian															199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Triassic 4																	201.4
		Norian			Sevatian															208.5
					Alaunian															213.2 *
					Lacian															216.7 *
		Carnian	Triassic 3		Tuvalian															227
		Carnian	Triassic 3		Julian															233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Triassic 2	Longobardian	237
		Ladinian		Fassanian	239.7 *
		Anisian		Illyrian	242
				Pelsonian	243.8 *
				Bithynian	244.7 *
				Aegean	245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Triassic 1	Spathian	247.2
		Olenekian		Smithian	248.9 *
		Induan		Dienerian	251.2
		Induan		Griesbachian	251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Permian 4	Melekhovian					251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian							Longtanian †		254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian									259.51
		Wordian									264.28
		Wordian		Noginskian							264.9 *
		Roadian	Permian 3								266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Permian 2								273.01
		Kungurian		Pavlovoposadian							276.8 *
		Artinskian		Pavlovoposadian							283.5
		Artinskian		Rusavkinian							287.6 *
		Sakmarian									290.1
		Asselian	Permian 1					293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Carboniferous 5				298.9
		Kasimovian		Dorogomilovian			303.7
				Khamovnikian			304.8
				Krevyakinian			305.8 *
		Moscovian	Carboniferous 4	Myachkovian			307
				Podolskian			308.9 *
				Kashirian			311.4 *
				Vereian			313.8
				Melekessian			314.8
		Bashkirian		Melekessian			315.2
				Cheremshanian			316.9 *
				Prikamian			318.6 *
				Severokeltmian			319.9 *
				Krasnopolyanian			321.2 *
				Voznesenian			321.9 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3	Zapaltjubian			323.2
				Protvian			324.4 *
				Steshevian			326.8 *
				Tarusian			329 *
		Visean	Carboniferous 2	Venevian			330.9
				Mikhailovian			331.9 *
				Aleksinian			333.7 *
				Tulian			335.8 *
				Bobrikian			339.9 *
				Radaevkian			343.4 *
		Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1	Kosvian		346.7
				Kizelian		350.7 *
				Cherepetian		351.9 *
				Karakubian		354.4 *
				Upinian		356.3 *
				Malevkian		357.6 *
				Gumerovian		358 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Devonian 5			Conewangan/Conneautan/Canadaway	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian	Devonian 4			West Fallsian/Sonyean	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Devonian 3			Geneseean/Taghanican/Tioughniogan	Cazenovian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Devonian 3			Southwoodian	Cazenovian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Devonian 2			Sawkillian/Deer Parkian	Helderbergian	393.3
		Pragian	Devonian 1					407.6
		Lochkovian	Devonian 1					410.8
Silurian	Pridoli		Silurian 2				Cayugan			419.2
	Pridoli						Niagaran			422.5 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian								423
	Ludlow	Gorstian								425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian								Gleedonian	Lockportian	427.4
		Homerian								Whitwellian	Lockportian	429.7 *
		Sheinwoodian										430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	Silurian 1								Ontarian	433.4
		Aeronian										438.5
												Alexandrian	438.7 *
							Medinan				Clinton		440.1 *
													440.7 *
		Rhuddanian											440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ordovician 5		Bolindian								Kosovian	443.8
		Katian			Bolindian								Kralodvorian	Bohdalec †	445.2
					Eastonian				449 *				Kralodvorian
					Eastonian				Berounian				449.7 *
					Gisbornian								452 *
		Sandbian	Ordovician 4										453
													Zahorany †/Vinice		Letna †	456.2 *
													Liben †			458 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Ordovician 3		Darriwilian											458.4
									Dobrotivian							458.5 *
									Oretanian							459.7 *
													Sarka †			461.7 *
		Dapingian	Ordovician 2		Yapeenian								Klabava †			467.3
					Yapeenian				Arenigian							468
					Castlemainian											468.5 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian			Chewtonian											470
					Bendigonian											471.8 *
					Lancefieldian											473.5 *
		Tremadocian	Ordovician 1		Lancefieldian				Tremadocian							477.7
		Tremadocian	Ordovician 1		Warendian				Tremadocian							482.8 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Cambrian 5						Late Cambrian								485.4
		Jiangshanian															489.5
		Paibian															494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Cambrian 4						Series 3 †								Middle Cambrian	497
		Drumian	Cambrian 4															500.5
		Wuliuan	Cambrian 3															Stage 5 †	504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Cambrian 3															Early Cambrian	509
	Series 2	Stage 3	Cambrian 2																514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Cambrian 2																521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian	Cambrian 1																529
																				538.8