PBDB Timescale

Ten Million Year Bins

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
Z.-X. Qiu and Z.-D. Qiu. 1995. Chronological sequence and subdivision of Chinese Neogene mammalian faunas. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 116(1-2):41-70 view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view

There are 56 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 1 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ten Million Year Bins	Permian of North America		Ordovician of the Baltic				Neogene Mammal Ages of China	South American Land Mammal Ages		Cenozoic Subepochs	Ordovician of Ibero-Bohemia				Obsolete Names for ICS Units			Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Cenozoic 6																				0
		Northgrippian																					0.0042
		Greenlandian																					0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene								Nihewanian	Lujanian		Late Pleistocene										0.0117
		Chibanian									Lujanian		Middle Pleistocene										0.129
		Chibanian									Ensenadan		Middle Pleistocene										0.3 *
		Calabrian									Ensenadan		Early Pleistocene										0.774
		Calabrian									Sanandresian	Uquian †											1.7 *
		Gelasian									Sanandresian												1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian								Yushean	Vorohuean		Late Pliocene					Tertiary †					2.58
		Piacenzian									Chapadmalalan		Late Pliocene										2.9 *
		Zanclean									Chapadmalalan		Early Pliocene										3.6
											Montehermosan												3.7 *
										Baodean	Huayquerian												4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian											Late Miocene										5.333
		Tortonian																					7.246
											Chasicoan												7.9 *
											Mayoan												9.9 *
											Laventan												10.9 *
										Tunggurian													11.1
		Serravallian	Cenozoic 5										Middle Miocene										11.63
		Serravallian									Colloncuran												13.7 *
		Langhian								Shanwangian	Colloncuran												13.82
		Langhian									Friasian												15.4 *
		Burdigalian									Friasian		Early Miocene										15.98
											Santacrucian												16.2 *
										Xiejiaan	Santacrucian												16.9
											Colhuehuapian												17.4 *
		Aquitanian									Colhuehuapian												20.44
		Aquitanian									Deseadan												20.9 *
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Cenozoic 4										Late Oligocene										23.03
		Rupelian											Early Oligocene										27.82
		Rupelian									Tinguirirican		Early Oligocene										28.9 *
	Eocene	Priabonian	Cenozoic 3								Tinguirirican		Late Eocene										33.9
		Priabonian									Divisaderan		Late Eocene										35.9 *
		Bartonian											Middle Eocene										37.71
		Lutetian	Cenozoic 2																				41.2
		Lutetian									Mustersan												41.9 *
		Ypresian									Mustersan		Early Eocene										47.8
		Ypresian									Casamayoran		Early Eocene										47.9 *
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Cenozoic 1								Riochican		Late Paleocene										56
											Itaboraian												56.9 *
											Peligran												58.9 *
		Selandian											Middle Paleocene										59.2
		Danian											Early Paleocene										61.6
		Danian									Tiupampan		Early Paleocene										62.4 *
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Cretaceous 8																				66
		Campanian	Cretaceous 7																				72.1
		Santonian	Cretaceous 6																				83.6
		Coniacian																					86.3
		Turonian																					89.8
		Cenomanian	Cretaceous 5																				93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Cretaceous 4																				100.5
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3																				113
		Barremian	Cretaceous 2																				121.4
		Hauterivian	Cretaceous 2																				125.77
		Valanginian	Cretaceous 1																				132.6
		Berriasian	Cretaceous 1																				139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Jurassic 6																		Oteke	Puaroan	145
		Kimmeridgian	Jurassic 5																		Oteke	Puaroan	149.2
																					Kawhia	Ohauan	150
																						Heterian	154.5
		Oxfordian																					154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian																					161.5
		Callovian		Temaikan	164.3
		Bathonian	Jurassic 4		165.3
		Bajocian	Jurassic 4		168.2
		Aalenian	Jurassic 3		170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian			174.7
		Toarcian		Herangi	Ururoan	176
		Pliensbachian	Jurassic 2		Ururoan	184.2
		Pliensbachian	Jurassic 2		Aratauran	188.9
		Sinemurian	Jurassic 1			192.9
		Hettangian	Jurassic 1			199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Triassic 4	Balfour	Otapirian	201.4
		Norian			Warepan	208.5
					Otamitan	217
					Oretian	221
		Carnian	Triassic 3		Oretian	227
		Carnian	Triassic 3	Gore	Kaihikuan	227.5
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Triassic 2		Kaihikuan	237
		Ladinian			Etalian	238
		Anisian			Etalian	242
		Anisian			Malakovian	246
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Triassic 1		Malakovian	247.2
		Olenekian			Nelsonian	249
		Induan			Nelsonian	251.2
		Induan		DUrville	Makarewan	251.5
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Permian 4		Makarewan	251.902
		Changhsingian			Waiitian	253.2
		Wuchiapingian			Waiitian	Longtanian †	254.14
		Wuchiapingian			Puruhauan	Longtanian †	254.2
	Guadalupian	Capitanian		Capitanian		Aparima	Flettian	259.51
		Wordian		Wordian			Flettian	264.28
		Wordian		Wordian			Barettian	266
		Roadian	Permian 3	Roadian				266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Permian 2	Leonardian				Cathedralian	273.01
							Mangapirian	Cathedralian	276
								Hessian	281.9 *
		Artinskian							283.5
							Telfordian		285
				Wolfcampian			Telfordian	Lenoxian	286.1 *
									288.5
		Sakmarian							290.1
		Asselian	Permian 1					Nealian	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Carboniferous 5						298.9
		Kasimovian	Carboniferous 5						303.7
		Moscovian	Carboniferous 4						307
		Bashkirian	Carboniferous 4						315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3						323.2
		Visean	Carboniferous 2						330.9
		Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1						346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Devonian 5						358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian	Devonian 4						372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Devonian 3						382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Devonian 3						387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Devonian 2						393.3
		Pragian	Devonian 1						407.6
		Lochkovian	Devonian 1						410.8
Silurian	Pridoli		Silurian 2						419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian							423
	Ludlow	Gorstian							425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian							427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian							430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	Silurian 1						433.4
		Aeronian							438.5
		Rhuddanian							440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ordovician 5						Harju	Porkuni	Kosovian	443.8
		Katian								Pirgu	Kralodvorian	Bohdalec †	445.2
										Vormsi	Kralodvorian		449.6 *
										Vormsi	Berounian		449.7 *
										Nabala			Johvi †	450 *
									Viru	Rakvere				450.6 *
										Oandu				452 *
		Sandbian	Ordovician 4							Keila			Idavere †	453
										Haljala				453.9
										Haljala				Zahorany †/Vinice	Letna †	456.2 *
										Kukruse						456.4 *
										Uhaku			Aluoja †			457.5 *
												Liben †				458 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Ordovician 3													458.4
											Dobrotivian					458.5 *
										Lasnamagi	Dobrotivian					458.9 *
										Lasnamagi	Oretanian					459.7 *
										Aseri						460.4 *
										Aseri		Sarka †				461.7 *
									Oeland	Kunda						462.9 *
										Kunda			Valaste †/Hunderum			464.3 *
										Volkhov						Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka	467.1 *
		Dapingian	Ordovician 2									Klabava †					467.3
											Arenigian						468
										Billingen							469.3 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian															470
													Latorp †				470.1 *
										Hunneberg							473.7 *
		Tremadocian	Ordovician 1							Hunneberg	Tremadocian						477.7
					Varangu					481.3 *
					Pakerort					482.2 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Cambrian 5		Pakerort								Merioneth				Dolgellian/Trempealeauan	Niuchehean	Taoyuanian †	485.4
																				486.3 *
																				486.5
																	Festiniogian			489.2 *
		Jiangshanian															Festiniogian	Jiangshanian		489.5
		Jiangshanian															Maentwrogian	Jiangshanian		493.1 *
		Paibian																Paibian		494
		Paibian																Paibian	Waergangian †/Youshuanian	494.9 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Cambrian 4			Series 3 †	St Davids										Guzhangian	Wangcunian †	497
		Drumian	Cambrian 4														Drumian	Wangcunian †	500.5
		Wuliuan	Cambrian 3														Stage 5 †	Wuliuan/Taijangian		504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Cambrian 3				Caerfai	Duyunian									509
	Series 2	Stage 3	Cambrian 2					Nangaoian									514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Cambrian 2					Meishucunian									521
		Fortunian	Cambrian 1					Meishucunian									529
		Fortunian	Cambrian 1					Jinnigian									530.7
																							538.8