PBDB Timescale

Ten Million Year Bins

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
M. Kretzoi. 1942. Necroteuthis n. g. (Ceph. Dibr., Necroteuthidae N. F.) aus dem Oligozän von Budapest und das system der Dibranchiata. Földtani Közlöny 72:125-238 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view

There are 56 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 2 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ten Million Year Bins	Permian of North America		Devonian of Eastern North America		North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Ammonite Chrons of North America			Cambrian of North America		Ordovician of North America					Mesozoic Subages		North American Land Mammal Ages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Cenozoic 6																				Saintaugustinean	0
		Meghalayan																					Santarosean	0.0004
		Northgrippian																						0.0042
		Greenlandian																						0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene						Sheridanian																0.0117
		Late Pleistocene																					Rancholabrean	0.014
		Chibanian																					Rancholabrean	0.129
		Chibanian						Cudahyan/Sappan															Irvingtonian	0.21
		Calabrian						Cudahyan/Sappan															Irvingtonian	0.774
		Calabrian						Senecan/Rexroadian															Blancan	1.4
		Gelasian																						1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian																						2.58
		Zanclean																						3.6
		Zanclean						Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian															Hemphillian	4.7
	Miocene	Messinian																						5.333
		Tortonian																						7.246
		Tortonian						Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian															Clarendonian	9.4
		Serravallian	Cenozoic 5					Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian															Clarendonian	11.63
		Serravallian						late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian															Barstovian	12.5
		Langhian																						13.82
		Burdigalian																						15.98
								Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian															Hemingfordian	16.3
								late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian														Arikareean	18.5
		Aquitanian																						20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Cenozoic 4																					23.03
									Monroecreekian															23.1 *
									Geringian															24.7 *
		Rupelian							Geringian															27.82
																							Whitneyan	29.5
																							Orellan	31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian	Cenozoic 3					Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian															Chadronian	33.9
		Priabonian																					Duchesnean	37
		Bartonian																					Duchesnean	37.71
		Bartonian						Late Uintan/Early Uintan															Uintan	39.7
		Lutetian	Cenozoic 2					Late Uintan/Early Uintan															Uintan	41.2
		Lutetian						Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian															Bridgerian	46.2
		Ypresian						Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian															Bridgerian	47.8
								Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean															Wasatchian	50.5
										Cf3/Cf2/Cf1													Clarkforkian	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Cenozoic 1							Cf3/Cf2/Cf1													Clarkforkian	56
		Thanetian								Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1													Tiffanian	56.2
		Selandian								Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1													Tiffanian	59.2
		Selandian								To3/To2/To1													Torrejonian	60.9
		Danian								To3/To2/To1													Torrejonian	61.6
		Danian								Pu3/Pu2/Pu1													Puercan	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Cretaceous 8																		Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian			66
		Campanian	Cretaceous 7																		Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian			72.1
		Santonian	Cretaceous 6																		Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian			83.6
		Coniacian																			Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian			86.3
		Turonian																			Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian			89.8
		Cenomanian	Cretaceous 5																		Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian			93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Cretaceous 4																		Late Albian			100.5
																					Middle Albian			106.2 *
																					Early Albian			109.9 *
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3																		Late Aptian			113
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3																		Early Aptian			119.5 *
		Barremian	Cretaceous 2																		Late Barremian/Early Barremian			121.4
		Hauterivian	Cretaceous 2																		Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian			125.77
		Valanginian	Cretaceous 1																		Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian			132.6
		Berriasian																			Late Berriasian			139.8
																					Middle Berriasian			140.6 *
																					Early Berriasian			142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Jurassic 6																		Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian		145
		Tithonian	Jurassic 6																		Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian		146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian	Jurassic 5	Late Kimmeridgian		149.2
		Kimmeridgian		Early Kimmeridgian		152.2 *
		Oxfordian		Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	154.8
		Oxfordian			Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian		Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian		161.5
		Bathonian	Jurassic 4	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian		165.3
		Bajocian		Epizigzagiceras		Late Bajocian	168.2
				Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense		Late Bajocian	168.4
				Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense		Early Bajocian	168.6 *
		Aalenian	Jurassic 3	Howelli/Scissum/Westermanni		Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian	170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian		Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta		Late Toarcian	174.7
				Planulata			179.3 *
							Arnioceras arnouldi				179.8 *
						Middle Toarcian					180.4 *
				Kanense							181.3 *
				Carlottense							182.3 *
				Carlottense		Early Toarcian					182.9 *
				Kunae		Early Toarcian					183.5 *
		Pliensbachian	Jurassic 2	Kunae		Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian					184.2
				Freboldi							185.1 *
				Whiteavesi/Imlayi							Tetraspidoceras	186.2 *
											Tetraspidoceras	189.2 *
				Plesechioceras harbledownense/Asteroceras varians/Coroniceras							Canadensis	190.3 *
		Sinemurian	Jurassic 1			Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian						192.9
				Pseudaetomoceras			Psiloceras					196.4 *
				Franziceras/Euphyllites								196.5 *
		Hettangian		Franziceras/Euphyllites		Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian						199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Triassic 4									201.4
		Norian					Sevatian		208.5
							Alaunian		213.2 *
							Lacian		216.7 *
		Carnian	Triassic 3				Tuvalian		227
		Carnian	Triassic 3				Julian		233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Triassic 2				Longobardian		237
		Ladinian					Fassanian		239.7 *
		Anisian					Illyrian		242
							Pelsonian		243.8 *
							Bithynian		244.7 *
							Aegean	245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Triassic 1				Spathian	247.2
		Olenekian					Smithian	248.9 *
		Induan					Dienerian	251.2
		Induan					Griesbachian	251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Permian 4					251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian						254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian						Capitanian	259.51
		Wordian						Wordian	264.28
		Roadian	Permian 3					Roadian	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Permian 2					Leonardian	Cathedralian	273.01
		Kungurian							Hessian	281.9 *
		Artinskian							Hessian	283.5
		Artinskian						Wolfcampian	Lenoxian	286.1 *
		Sakmarian							Lenoxian	290.1
		Asselian	Permian 1						Nealian	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Carboniferous 5							298.9
		Gzhelian								Xiaodushanian		300 *
		Kasimovian								Xiaodushanian		303.7
		Kasimovian								Dalaun		305.8 *
		Moscovian	Carboniferous 4									307
		Bashkirian										315.2
										Huashibanian		318.5 *
										Lousuan		321.2 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3							Dewunian		323.2
		Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3							Shangsian		330.8 *
		Visean	Carboniferous 2							Shangsian		330.9
		Visean	Carboniferous 2							Jiusian		335 *
		Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1							Tangbagouan		346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Devonian 5							Conewangan/Conneautan/Canadaway			358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian	Devonian 4		West Fallsian/Sonyean					372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Devonian 3		Geneseean/Taghanican/Tioughniogan					Cazenovian			382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Devonian 3		Southwoodian					Cazenovian			387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Devonian 2		Sawkillian/Deer Parkian					Helderbergian			393.3
		Pragian	Devonian 1										407.6
		Lochkovian	Devonian 1										410.8
Silurian	Pridoli		Silurian 2										419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian											423
	Ludlow	Gorstian											425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian											427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian											430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	Silurian 1										433.4
		Aeronian											438.5
		Rhuddanian											440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ordovician 5										Cincinnatian	Gamachian	Hirnantian	Xiaoxita †/Shikou	Wufeng †	443.8
		Katian												Gamachian	Chientangkiangian			445.2
														Richmondian	Chientangkiangian			446 *
														Richmondian	Neichianshanian/Hanjiang			449.5
														Maysvillian				Rocklandian †/Shermanian/Ashbyan/Kirkfieldian/Blackriveran/Wildernessian/Trentonian/Franklinian	449.8 *
														Edenian					450.4 *
													Mohawkian	Chatfieldian					451.1 *
		Sandbian	Ordovician 4								453			Chatfieldian
											Turinian			453.7 *
				Whiterockian							Canadian †		Chazyan †/Marmor	457 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Ordovician 3											Darriwilian	Guniu †/Hulo	458.4
		Darriwilian	Ordovician 3											Darriwilian	Hunjiang †	Dawan †/Daobaowan/Ningkuo	466.3 *
		Dapingian	Ordovician 2											Dapingian			467.3
		Dapingian				Rangerian								Dapingian			469.1 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian		Ibexian		Blackhillsian							Jeffersonian †	Cassinian †			Yiyangian	470
		Floian				Tulean											Yiyangian	473.9 *
		Tremadocian	Ordovician 1														Xinchangian	477.7
																Lianghekou †		477.9 *
						Stairsian												480.3 *
						Skullrockian								Demingian †				482 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Cambrian 5			Skullrockian					Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan								485.4
		Stage 10		Sunwaptan																487.5
		Jiangshanian		Sunwaptan																489.5
		Jiangshanian		Steptoean																493 *
		Paibian		Steptoean																494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Cambrian 4	Marjumian			Albertian †				497
		Drumian	Cambrian 4	Marjumian							500.5
		Wuliuan	Cambrian 3	Topazan							504.5
		Wuliuan		Delamaran							506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4		Delamaran			Waucoban †				509
		Stage 4		Dyeran							511 *
		Stage 3	Cambrian 2	Dyeran							514
				Montezuman							514.8 *
				Begadean							519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2									521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian	Cambrian 1								529
																								538.8