PBDB Timescale

Ten Million Year Bins

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view

There are 56 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 1 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ten Million Year Bins	Permian of China	Devonian Subages	Obsolete Carboniferous Ages of China	North American Land Mammal Ages	North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Permian of the Russian Platform		Permian of Western Europe	Silurian of the Baltic	Ordovician of the Baltic
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Cenozoic 6				Saintaugustinean									0
		Meghalayan					Santarosean									0.0004
		Northgrippian														0.0042
		Greenlandian														0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene						Sheridanian								0.0117
		Late Pleistocene					Rancholabrean									0.014
		Chibanian					Rancholabrean									0.129
		Chibanian					Irvingtonian	Cudahyan/Sappan								0.21
		Calabrian					Irvingtonian	Cudahyan/Sappan								0.774
		Calabrian					Blancan	Senecan/Rexroadian								1.4
		Gelasian														1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian														2.58
		Zanclean														3.6
		Zanclean					Hemphillian	Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian								4.7
	Miocene	Messinian														5.333
		Tortonian														7.246
		Tortonian					Clarendonian	Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian								9.4
		Serravallian	Cenozoic 5				Clarendonian	Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian								11.63
		Serravallian					Barstovian	late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian								12.5
		Langhian														13.82
		Burdigalian														15.98
							Hemingfordian	Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian								16.3
							Arikareean	late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian							18.5
		Aquitanian														20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Cenozoic 4													23.03
									Monroecreekian							23.1 *
									Geringian							24.7 *
		Rupelian							Geringian							27.82
							Whitneyan									29.5
							Orellan									31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian	Cenozoic 3				Chadronian	Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian								33.9
		Priabonian					Duchesnean									37
		Bartonian					Duchesnean									37.71
		Bartonian					Uintan	Late Uintan/Early Uintan								39.7
		Lutetian	Cenozoic 2				Uintan	Late Uintan/Early Uintan								41.2
		Lutetian					Bridgerian	Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian								46.2
		Ypresian					Bridgerian	Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian								47.8
							Wasatchian	Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean								50.5
							Clarkforkian			Cf3/Cf2/Cf1						54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Cenozoic 1				Clarkforkian			Cf3/Cf2/Cf1						56
		Thanetian					Tiffanian			Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1						56.2
		Selandian					Tiffanian			Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1						59.2
		Selandian					Torrejonian			To3/To2/To1						60.9
		Danian					Torrejonian			To3/To2/To1						61.6
		Danian					Puercan			Pu3/Pu2/Pu1						63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Cretaceous 8													66
		Campanian	Cretaceous 7													72.1
		Santonian	Cretaceous 6													83.6
		Coniacian														86.3
		Turonian														89.8
		Cenomanian	Cretaceous 5													93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Cretaceous 4													100.5
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3													113
		Barremian	Cretaceous 2													121.4
		Hauterivian	Cretaceous 2													125.77
		Valanginian	Cretaceous 1													132.6
		Berriasian	Cretaceous 1													139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Jurassic 6													145
		Kimmeridgian	Jurassic 5													149.2
		Oxfordian														154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian														161.5
		Bathonian	Jurassic 4													165.3
		Bajocian	Jurassic 4													168.2
		Aalenian	Jurassic 3													170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Jurassic 3	174.7
		Pliensbachian	Jurassic 2	184.2
		Sinemurian	Jurassic 1	192.9
		Hettangian	Jurassic 1	199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Triassic 4	201.4
		Norian	Triassic 4	208.5
		Carnian	Triassic 3	227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Triassic 2	237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian	Triassic 2	242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Triassic 1	247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan	Triassic 1	251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Permian 4	Meishanian	251.902
		Changhsingian		Baoqingian	253.4 *
		Wuchiapingian		Laoshanian	Zechstein	254.14
				Laoshanian		Tatarian					Vyatkian	256.8 *
				Laibinian							Vyatkian	257.7 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian		Lengwuan	Severodvinian						Rotliegendes	259.51
		Wordian		Kuhfengian	Urzhumian							264.28
		Roadian	Permian 3		Kazanian	Povolzhian						266.9
		Roadian	Permian 3		Kazanian	Sokian						270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Permian 2	Luodianian	Kungurian	Irenian/Ufimian						273.01
						Filipovian						276.5 *
						Saraninian						280.1 *
		Artinskian			Artinskian	Sarginian					Autunian	283.5
				Longlinian		Sarginian						285.4 *
						Irginian						285.9 *
						Burtsevian						287.8 *
		Sakmarian			Sakmarian	Sterlitamakian						290.1
		Sakmarian			Sakmarian	Tastubian			291.7 *
		Asselian	Permian 1	Zisongian	Asselian	Shikhanian			293.52
						Uskalykian			294.8
						Surenian			297.5
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Carboniferous 5		Mapingian †							298.9
		Gzhelian										300.1
		Kasimovian										303.7
		Kasimovian										305.9
		Moscovian	Carboniferous 4									307
		Bashkirian	Carboniferous 4									315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3					323.2
		Visean	Carboniferous 2					330.9
		Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1					346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Devonian 5					Late Famennian				358.9
								Middle Famennian				365.3 *
								Early Famennian				368.5 *
		Frasnian	Devonian 4					Late Frasnian				372.2
							Middle Frasnian	375.4 *
							Early Frasnian	379.3 *
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Devonian 3				Late Givetian	382.7
							Middle Givetian	383.7 *
							Early Givetian	385.9 *
		Eifelian					Late Eifelian	387.7
		Eifelian					Early Eifelian	390.3 *
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Devonian 2				Late Emsian	393.3
		Emsian	Devonian 2				Early Emsian	398.3 *
		Pragian	Devonian 1				Pragian	407.6
		Lochkovian					Late Lochkovian	410.8
							Middle Lochkovian	412.8 *
							Early Lochkovian	415.6 *
Silurian	Pridoli		Silurian 2					Ohesaare		419.2
	Pridoli							Kaugetuma		421.7 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian						Kuressaare		423
		Ludfordian						Paadla		423.4 *
		Gorstian						Paadla		425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian						Rootsikula		427.4
		Homerian						Jaagarahu		429.2 *
		Sheinwoodian						Jaagarahu		430.5
		Sheinwoodian						Jaani		431.8 *
	Llandovery	Telychian	Silurian 1					Jaani		433.4
		Telychian						Adavere		434 *
		Aeronian						Adavere		438.5
		Aeronian						Raikkula		439.4 *
		Rhuddanian						Raikkula		440.8
		Rhuddanian						Juuru		441.4 *
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ordovician 5							Harju		Porkuni	443.8
		Katian										Pirgu	445.2
												Vormsi	449.6 *
												Nabala	Johvi †	450 *
										Viru		Rakvere		450.6 *
												Oandu		452 *
		Sandbian	Ordovician 4									Keila	Idavere †	453
												Haljala		453.9
												Kukruse		456.4 *
												Uhaku	Aluoja †	457.5 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Ordovician 3									Uhaku		458.4
												Lasnamagi		458.9 *
												Aseri		460.4 *
										Oeland		Kunda		462.9 *
												Kunda	Valaste †/Hunderum	464.3 *
												Volkhov		Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka	467.1 *
		Dapingian	Ordovician 2									Volkhov			467.3
		Dapingian										Billingen			469.3 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian													470
													Latorp †		470.1 *
												Hunneberg			473.7 *
		Tremadocian	Ordovician 1									Hunneberg			477.7
												Varangu			481.3 *
						Pakerort			482.2 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Cambrian 5			Pakerort			485.4
									486.3 *
									486.5
		Jiangshanian							489.5
		Paibian							494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Cambrian 4						497
		Drumian	Cambrian 4						500.5
		Wuliuan	Cambrian 3						504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Cambrian 3						509
	Series 2	Stage 3	Cambrian 2						514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Cambrian 2						521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian	Cambrian 1						529
																538.8