PBDB Timescale

Ten Million Year Bins

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 56 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 1 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ten Million Year Bins	Permian of China	Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand		Ordovician of Britain				Silurian Ages of Europe	North American Land Mammal Ages	Permian of North America		Cretaceous Subepochs	Obsolete Carboniferous Ages of China	Cambrian of Britain
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Cenozoic 6									Saintaugustinean								0
		Meghalayan										Santarosean								0.0004
		Northgrippian																		0.0042
		Greenlandian																		0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene																		0.0117
		Late Pleistocene										Rancholabrean								0.014
		Chibanian										Rancholabrean								0.129
		Chibanian										Irvingtonian								0.21
		Calabrian										Irvingtonian								0.774
		Calabrian										Blancan								1.4
		Gelasian																		1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian																		2.58
		Zanclean																		3.6
		Zanclean										Hemphillian								4.7
	Miocene	Messinian																		5.333
		Tortonian																		7.246
		Tortonian										Clarendonian								9.4
		Serravallian	Cenozoic 5									Clarendonian								11.63
		Serravallian										Barstovian								12.5
		Langhian																		13.82
		Burdigalian																		15.98
												Hemingfordian								16.3
												Arikareean								18.5
		Aquitanian																		20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Cenozoic 4																	23.03
		Rupelian																		27.82
												Whitneyan								29.5
												Orellan								31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian	Cenozoic 3									Chadronian								33.9
		Priabonian										Duchesnean								37
		Bartonian										Duchesnean								37.71
		Bartonian										Uintan								39.7
		Lutetian	Cenozoic 2									Uintan								41.2
		Lutetian										Bridgerian								46.2
		Ypresian										Bridgerian								47.8
												Wasatchian								50.5
												Clarkforkian								54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Cenozoic 1									Clarkforkian								56
		Thanetian										Tiffanian								56.2
		Selandian										Tiffanian								59.2
		Selandian										Torrejonian								60.9
		Danian										Torrejonian								61.6
		Danian										Puercan								63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Cretaceous 8												Senonian					66
		Campanian	Cretaceous 7																	72.1
		Santonian	Cretaceous 6																	83.6
		Coniacian																		86.3
		Turonian																		89.8
		Cenomanian	Cretaceous 5																	93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Cretaceous 4												Gallic					100.5
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3																	113
		Barremian	Cretaceous 2																	121.4
		Hauterivian	Cretaceous 2												Neocomian					125.77
		Valanginian	Cretaceous 1																	132.6
		Berriasian	Cretaceous 1																	139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Jurassic 6		Oteke	Puaroan														145
		Kimmeridgian	Jurassic 5		Oteke	Puaroan														149.2
					Kawhia	Ohauan														150
						Heterian														154.5
		Oxfordian																		154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian																		161.5
		Callovian				Temaikan														164.3
		Bathonian	Jurassic 4																	165.3
		Bajocian	Jurassic 4																	168.2
		Aalenian	Jurassic 3	170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian		174.7
		Toarcian		Herangi	Ururoan	176
		Pliensbachian	Jurassic 2		Ururoan	184.2
		Pliensbachian	Jurassic 2		Aratauran	188.9
		Sinemurian	Jurassic 1			192.9
		Hettangian	Jurassic 1			199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Triassic 4	Balfour	Otapirian	201.4
		Norian			Warepan	208.5
					Otamitan	217
					Oretian	221
		Carnian	Triassic 3		Oretian	227
		Carnian	Triassic 3	Gore	Kaihikuan	227.5
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Triassic 2		Kaihikuan	237
		Ladinian			Etalian	238
		Anisian			Etalian	242
		Anisian			Malakovian	246
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Triassic 1		Malakovian	247.2
		Olenekian			Nelsonian	249
		Induan			Nelsonian	251.2
		Induan		DUrville	Makarewan	251.5
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Permian 4		Makarewan	Meishanian	251.902
					Waiitian	Meishanian	253.2
						Baoqingian	253.4 *
		Wuchiapingian				Laoshanian	254.14
					Puruhauan	Laoshanian	254.2
					Puruhauan	Laibinian	257.7 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian		Lengwuan	Aparima	Flettian	Capitanian	259.51
		Wordian		Kuhfengian		Flettian	Wordian	264.28
		Wordian				Barettian	Wordian	266
		Roadian	Permian 3				Roadian	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Permian 2	Luodianian			Leonardian	Cathedralian	273.01
						Mangapirian		Cathedralian	276
								Hessian	281.9 *
		Artinskian							283.5
						Telfordian			285
				Longlinian					285.4 *
							Wolfcampian	Lenoxian	286.1 *
									288.5
		Sakmarian							290.1
		Asselian	Permian 1	Zisongian				Nealian	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Carboniferous 5	Zisongian					Mapingian †	298.9
		Gzhelian								300.1
		Kasimovian								303.7
		Kasimovian								305.9
		Moscovian	Carboniferous 4							307
		Bashkirian	Carboniferous 4							315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3							323.2
		Visean	Carboniferous 2							330.9
		Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1							346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Devonian 5							358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian	Devonian 4							372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Devonian 3							382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Devonian 3							387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Devonian 2							393.3
		Pragian	Devonian 1							407.6
		Lochkovian	Devonian 1							410.8
Silurian	Pridoli		Silurian 2							419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian								423
	Ludlow	Gorstian								425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian								Gleedonian	427.4
		Homerian								Whitwellian	429.7 *
		Sheinwoodian									430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	Silurian 1								433.4
		Aeronian									438.5
		Rhuddanian									440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ordovician 5								Ashgill	Hirnantian	Hirnantian	Xiaoxita †/Shikou	Wufeng †	443.8
		Katian										Rawtheyan	Chientangkiangian			445.2
												Cautleyan				448.9 *
												Pusgillian				449.3 *
												Pusgillian	Neichianshanian/Hanjiang			449.5
											Caradoc	Streffordian				Onnian †	449.6 *
												Cheneyan					451.5 *
												Burrellian					452.7 *
		Sandbian	Ordovician 4														453
																Actonian †	453.2 *
																Marshbrookian †	Woolstonian †	454.2 *
																Longvillian †		455.2 *
												Aurelucian				Longvillian †		456.8 *
												Aurelucian				Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian		457.4 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Ordovician 3								Llanvirn	Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn		Darriwilian		Guniu †/Hulo		458.4
												Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn				Guniu †/Hulo		461.3 *
															Hunjiang †	Dawan †/Daobaowan/Ningkuo		466.3 *
		Dapingian	Ordovician 2											Dapingian				467.3
		Dapingian									Arenig	Fennian		Dapingian				468.4 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian										Fennian		Yiyangian				470
												Whitlandian						471.1 *
												Moridunian						474.3 *
		Tremadocian	Ordovician 1								Tremadoc	Migneintian		Xinchangian				477.7
												Migneintian				Lianghekou †		477.9 *
												Cressagian						480.8 *
																		485 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Cambrian 5											Merioneth	Dolgellian/Trempealeauan				485.4
		Stage 10													Festiniogian				489.2 *
		Jiangshanian													Festiniogian				489.5
		Jiangshanian													Maentwrogian				493.1 *
		Paibian													Maentwrogian				494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Cambrian 4											St Davids					497
		Drumian	Cambrian 4																500.5
		Wuliuan	Cambrian 3																504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Cambrian 3											Caerfai					509
	Series 2	Stage 3	Cambrian 2																514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Cambrian 2		521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian	Cambrian 1		529
																				538.8