PBDB Timescale

Ten Million Year Bins

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. A. Lillegraven and M. C. McKenna. 1986. Fossil mammals from the "Mesaverde" Formation (Late Cretaceous, Judithian) of the Bighorn and Wind River basins, Wyoming, with definitions of Late Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal "Ages". American Museum Novitates 2840:1-68 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 56 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 1 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ten Million Year Bins	Permian of the Salt Range	Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal Ages	Cenozoic Subepochs	Permian of the Russian Platform		Permo-Triassic Subages of Eastern Europe	Ammonite Chrons of North America			Cambrian Epochs	South American Land Mammal Ages		North American Land Mammal Ages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Cenozoic 6													Saintaugustinean	0
		Meghalayan														Santarosean	0.0004
		Northgrippian															0.0042
		Greenlandian															0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene				Late Pleistocene								Lujanian			0.0117
		Late Pleistocene				Late Pleistocene										Rancholabrean	0.014
		Chibanian				Middle Pleistocene										Rancholabrean	0.129
																Irvingtonian	0.21
														Ensenadan			0.3 *
		Calabrian				Early Pleistocene											0.774
																Blancan	1.4
														Sanandresian	Uquian †		1.7 *
		Gelasian												Sanandresian			1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian				Late Pliocene								Vorohuean			2.58
		Piacenzian				Late Pliocene								Chapadmalalan			2.9 *
		Zanclean				Early Pliocene								Chapadmalalan			3.6
														Montehermosan			3.7 *
														Montehermosan		Hemphillian	4.7
														Huayquerian			4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian				Late Miocene											5.333
		Tortonian															7.246
														Chasicoan			7.9 *
														Chasicoan		Clarendonian	9.4
														Mayoan			9.9 *
														Laventan			10.9 *
		Serravallian	Cenozoic 5			Middle Miocene											11.63
																Barstovian	12.5
														Colloncuran			13.7 *
		Langhian												Colloncuran			13.82
		Langhian												Friasian			15.4 *
		Burdigalian				Early Miocene								Friasian			15.98
														Santacrucian			16.2 *
														Santacrucian		Hemingfordian	16.3
														Colhuehuapian		Hemingfordian	17.4 *
																Arikareean	18.5
		Aquitanian															20.44
		Aquitanian												Deseadan			20.9 *
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Cenozoic 4			Late Oligocene											23.03
		Rupelian				Early Oligocene											27.82
														Tinguirirican			28.9 *
																Whitneyan	29.5
																Orellan	31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian	Cenozoic 3			Late Eocene										Chadronian	33.9
														Divisaderan		Chadronian	35.9 *
																Duchesnean	37
		Bartonian				Middle Eocene										Duchesnean	37.71
		Bartonian														Uintan	39.7
		Lutetian	Cenozoic 2														41.2
														Mustersan			41.9 *
																Bridgerian	46.2
		Ypresian				Early Eocene											47.8
														Casamayoran			47.9 *
																Wasatchian	50.5
																Clarkforkian	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Cenozoic 1			Late Paleocene								Riochican		Clarkforkian	56
														Riochican		Tiffanian	56.2
														Itaboraian			56.9 *
														Peligran			58.9 *
		Selandian				Middle Paleocene											59.2
		Selandian				Middle Paleocene										Torrejonian	60.9
		Danian				Early Paleocene											61.6
														Tiupampan			62.4 *
														Tiupampan		Puercan	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Cretaceous 8		Lancian/Edmontonian												66
		Campanian	Cretaceous 7	Judithian/Aquilan	72.1
		Santonian	Cretaceous 6		83.6
		Coniacian			86.3
		Turonian			89.8
		Cenomanian	Cretaceous 5		93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Cretaceous 4		100.5
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3		113
		Barremian	Cretaceous 2		121.4
		Hauterivian	Cretaceous 2		125.77
		Valanginian	Cretaceous 1		132.6
		Berriasian	Cretaceous 1		139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Jurassic 6		145
		Kimmeridgian	Jurassic 5		149.2
		Oxfordian			154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian			161.5
		Bathonian	Jurassic 4		165.3
		Bajocian			Epizigzagiceras		168.2
		Bajocian			Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense		168.4
		Aalenian	Jurassic 3		Howelli/Scissum/Westermanni		170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian			Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta		174.7
					Planulata		179.3 *
					Planulata		Arnioceras arnouldi	179.8 *
					Kanense			181.3 *
					Carlottense			182.3 *
					Kunae			183.5 *
		Pliensbachian	Jurassic 2		Kunae			184.2
					Freboldi			185.1 *
					Whiteavesi/Imlayi			Tetraspidoceras	186.2 *
								Tetraspidoceras	189.2 *
					Plesechioceras harbledownense/Asteroceras varians/Coroniceras			Canadensis	190.3 *
		Sinemurian	Jurassic 1						192.9
					Pseudaetomoceras		Psiloceras		196.4 *
					Franziceras/Euphyllites				196.5 *
		Hettangian			Franziceras/Euphyllites				199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Triassic 4						201.4
		Norian	Triassic 4						208.5
		Carnian	Triassic 3						227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Triassic 2						237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian	Triassic 2						242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Triassic 1						Vokhmian	247.2
		Induan								251.2
		Induan								Kathwai	251.5 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Permian 4							Kathwai	251.902
											252.4 *
										Chhidru	252.9 *
		Wuchiapingian							Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian	Chhidru	254.14
										Kalabagh	255 *
										Wargal	256 *
											Tatarian	Vyatkian	256.8 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian							Severodvinian			Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian	259.51
		Wordian							Urzhumian			Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian	264.28
													265.3 *
										Amb			266.1 *
		Roadian	Permian 3						Kazanian	Amb	Povolzhian	Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian	266.9
		Roadian	Permian 3						Kazanian		Sokian	Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian	270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Permian 2						Kungurian		Irenian/Ufimian		273.01
											Filipovian		276.5 *
											Saraninian		280.1 *
		Artinskian							Artinskian		Sarginian		283.5
											Irginian		285.9 *
											Burtsevian		287.8 *
		Sakmarian							Sakmarian		Sterlitamakian		290.1
		Sakmarian							Sakmarian		Tastubian		291.7 *
		Asselian	Permian 1			Asselian			Shikhanian		293.52
									Uskalykian		294.8
				Surenian					297.5
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Carboniferous 5						298.9
		Kasimovian	Carboniferous 5						303.7
		Moscovian	Carboniferous 4						307
		Bashkirian	Carboniferous 4						315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3						323.2
		Visean	Carboniferous 2						330.9
		Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1						346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Devonian 5						358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian	Devonian 4						372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Devonian 3						382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Devonian 3						387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Devonian 2						393.3
		Pragian	Devonian 1						407.6
		Lochkovian	Devonian 1						410.8
Silurian	Pridoli		Silurian 2						419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian							423
	Ludlow	Gorstian							425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian							427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian							430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	Silurian 1						433.4
		Aeronian							438.5
		Rhuddanian							440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ordovician 5						443.8
		Katian	Ordovician 5						445.2
		Sandbian	Ordovician 4						453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Ordovician 3						458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian	Ordovician 2						467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian	Ordovician 2						470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian	Ordovician 1						477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Cambrian 5						Late Cambrian		485.4
		Jiangshanian						489.5
		Paibian						494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Cambrian 4		Middle Cambrian		497
		Drumian	Cambrian 4				500.5
		Wuliuan	Cambrian 3				504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Cambrian 3		Early Cambrian		509
	Series 2	Stage 3	Cambrian 2				514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Cambrian 2				521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian	Cambrian 1				529
																	538.8