PBDB Timescale

Ten Million Year Bins

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view

There are 56 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 1 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ten Million Year Bins	Permo-Triassic Subages of Eastern Europe	Cambrian Epochs	Mesozoic Subages		South American Land Mammal Ages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Cenozoic 6							0
		Northgrippian								0.0042
		Greenlandian								0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene						Lujanian		0.0117
		Chibanian						Lujanian		0.129
		Chibanian						Ensenadan		0.3 *
		Calabrian						Ensenadan		0.774
		Calabrian						Sanandresian	Uquian †	1.7 *
		Gelasian						Sanandresian		1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian						Vorohuean		2.58
		Piacenzian						Chapadmalalan		2.9 *
		Zanclean						Chapadmalalan		3.6
								Montehermosan		3.7 *
								Huayquerian		4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian								5.333
		Tortonian								7.246
								Chasicoan		7.9 *
								Mayoan		9.9 *
								Laventan		10.9 *
		Serravallian	Cenozoic 5					Laventan		11.63
		Serravallian						Colloncuran		13.7 *
		Langhian						Colloncuran		13.82
		Langhian						Friasian		15.4 *
		Burdigalian						Friasian		15.98
								Santacrucian		16.2 *
								Colhuehuapian		17.4 *
		Aquitanian						Colhuehuapian		20.44
		Aquitanian						Deseadan		20.9 *
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Cenozoic 4							23.03
		Rupelian								27.82
		Rupelian						Tinguirirican		28.9 *
	Eocene	Priabonian	Cenozoic 3					Tinguirirican		33.9
		Priabonian						Divisaderan		35.9 *
		Bartonian								37.71
		Lutetian	Cenozoic 2							41.2
		Lutetian						Mustersan		41.9 *
		Ypresian						Mustersan		47.8
		Ypresian						Casamayoran		47.9 *
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Cenozoic 1					Riochican		56
								Itaboraian		56.9 *
								Peligran		58.9 *
		Selandian								59.2
		Danian								61.6
		Danian						Tiupampan		62.4 *
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Cretaceous 8			Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian				66
		Campanian	Cretaceous 7			Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian				72.1
		Santonian	Cretaceous 6			Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian				83.6
		Coniacian				Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian				86.3
		Turonian				Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian				89.8
		Cenomanian	Cretaceous 5			Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian				93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Cretaceous 4			Late Albian				100.5
						Middle Albian				106.2 *
						Early Albian				109.9 *
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3			Late Aptian				113
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3			Early Aptian				119.5 *
		Barremian	Cretaceous 2			Late Barremian/Early Barremian				121.4
		Hauterivian	Cretaceous 2			Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian				125.77
		Valanginian	Cretaceous 1			Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian				132.6
		Berriasian				Late Berriasian				139.8
						Middle Berriasian				140.6 *
						Early Berriasian				142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Jurassic 6			Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian			145
		Tithonian	Jurassic 6			Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian			146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian	Jurassic 5			Late Kimmeridgian				149.2
		Kimmeridgian		Early Kimmeridgian	152.2 *
		Oxfordian		Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	154.8
		Oxfordian			Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian		Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian		161.5
		Bathonian	Jurassic 4	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian		165.3
		Bajocian		Late Bajocian		168.2
		Bajocian		Early Bajocian		168.6 *
		Aalenian	Jurassic 3	Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian		170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian		Late Toarcian		174.7
				Middle Toarcian		180.4 *
				Early Toarcian		182.9 *
		Pliensbachian	Jurassic 2	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian		184.2
		Sinemurian	Jurassic 1	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian		192.9
		Hettangian	Jurassic 1	Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian		199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Triassic 4			201.4
		Norian		Sevatian		208.5
				Alaunian		213.2 *
				Lacian		216.7 *
		Carnian	Triassic 3	Tuvalian		227
		Carnian	Triassic 3	Julian		233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Triassic 2	Longobardian		237
		Ladinian		Fassanian		239.7 *
		Anisian		Illyrian		242
				Pelsonian		243.8 *
				Bithynian		244.7 *
				Aegean		245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Triassic 1	Vokhmian		Spathian	247.2
		Olenekian				Smithian	248.9 *
		Induan				Dienerian	251.2
		Induan				Griesbachian	251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Permian 4				251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian		Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian			254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian		Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian			259.51
		Wordian		Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian			264.28
		Roadian	Permian 3	Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian			266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Permian 2				273.01
		Artinskian					283.5
		Sakmarian					290.1
		Asselian	Permian 1				293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Carboniferous 5				Late Pennsylvanian		298.9
		Kasimovian	Carboniferous 5				Late Pennsylvanian		303.7
		Moscovian	Carboniferous 4				Middle Pennsylvanian		307
		Bashkirian	Carboniferous 4				Early Pennsylvanian		315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3				Late Mississippian		323.2
		Visean	Carboniferous 2				Middle Mississippian	330.9
		Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1				Early Mississippian	346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Devonian 5					358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian	Devonian 4					372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Devonian 3					382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Devonian 3					387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Devonian 2					393.3
		Pragian	Devonian 1					407.6
		Lochkovian	Devonian 1					410.8
Silurian	Pridoli		Silurian 2					419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian						423
	Ludlow	Gorstian						425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian						427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian						430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	Silurian 1					433.4
		Aeronian						438.5
		Rhuddanian						440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ordovician 5					Bolindian	443.8
		Katian						Bolindian	445.2
								Eastonian	449 *
								Gisbornian	452 *
		Sandbian	Ordovician 4					Gisbornian	453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Ordovician 3					Darriwilian	458.4
		Dapingian	Ordovician 2		Yapeenian			467.3
		Dapingian			Castlemainian			468.5 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian			Chewtonian			470
					Bendigonian			471.8 *
					Lancefieldian			473.5 *
		Tremadocian	Ordovician 1		Lancefieldian			477.7
		Tremadocian	Ordovician 1		Warendian			482.8 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Cambrian 5		Late Cambrian				485.4
		Jiangshanian							489.5
		Paibian							494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Cambrian 4		Middle Cambrian				497
		Drumian	Cambrian 4						500.5
		Wuliuan	Cambrian 3						504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Cambrian 3		Early Cambrian				509
	Series 2	Stage 3	Cambrian 2						514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Cambrian 2						521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian	Cambrian 1						529
										538.8