PBDB Timescale

Ten Million Year Bins

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view

There are 56 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 1 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ten Million Year Bins	Permo-Triassic Subages of Eastern Europe	Cenozoic Subepochs	North American Land Mammal Ages	Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand		Cambrian Epochs	Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe	Silurian of the Baltic	Silurian of England		Ordovician of Britain
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Cenozoic 6			Saintaugustinean										0
		Meghalayan				Santarosean										0.0004
		Northgrippian														0.0042
		Greenlandian														0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene			Late Pleistocene					Tarantian						0.0117
		Late Pleistocene			Late Pleistocene	Rancholabrean				Tarantian						0.014
		Chibanian			Middle Pleistocene	Rancholabrean				Ionian						0.129
		Chibanian			Middle Pleistocene	Irvingtonian				Ionian						0.21
		Calabrian			Early Pleistocene	Irvingtonian										0.774
		Calabrian				Blancan										1.4
		Gelasian														1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian			Late Pliocene											2.58
		Zanclean			Early Pliocene											3.6
		Zanclean			Early Pliocene	Hemphillian										4.7
	Miocene	Messinian			Late Miocene											5.333
		Tortonian														7.246
		Tortonian				Clarendonian										9.4
		Serravallian	Cenozoic 5		Middle Miocene	Clarendonian										11.63
		Serravallian				Barstovian										12.5
		Langhian														13.82
		Burdigalian			Early Miocene											15.98
						Hemingfordian										16.3
						Arikareean										18.5
		Aquitanian														20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Cenozoic 4		Late Oligocene											23.03
		Rupelian			Early Oligocene											27.82
						Whitneyan										29.5
						Orellan										31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian	Cenozoic 3		Late Eocene	Chadronian										33.9
		Priabonian			Late Eocene	Duchesnean										37
		Bartonian			Middle Eocene	Duchesnean										37.71
		Bartonian				Uintan										39.7
		Lutetian	Cenozoic 2			Uintan										41.2
		Lutetian				Bridgerian										46.2
		Ypresian			Early Eocene	Bridgerian										47.8
						Wasatchian										50.5
						Clarkforkian										54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Cenozoic 1		Late Paleocene	Clarkforkian										56
		Thanetian			Late Paleocene	Tiffanian										56.2
		Selandian			Middle Paleocene	Tiffanian										59.2
		Selandian			Middle Paleocene	Torrejonian										60.9
		Danian			Early Paleocene	Torrejonian										61.6
		Danian			Early Paleocene	Puercan										63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Cretaceous 8													66
		Campanian	Cretaceous 7													72.1
		Santonian	Cretaceous 6													83.6
		Coniacian														86.3
		Turonian														89.8
		Cenomanian	Cretaceous 5													93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Cretaceous 4													100.5
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3													113
		Barremian	Cretaceous 2													121.4
		Hauterivian	Cretaceous 2													125.77
		Valanginian	Cretaceous 1													132.6
		Berriasian	Cretaceous 1													139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Jurassic 6				Oteke	Puaroan								145
		Kimmeridgian	Jurassic 5				Oteke	Puaroan								149.2
							Kawhia	Ohauan								150
								Heterian								154.5
		Oxfordian														154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian														161.5
		Callovian						Temaikan								164.3
		Bathonian	Jurassic 4													165.3
		Bajocian	Jurassic 4													168.2
		Aalenian	Jurassic 3	170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian		174.7
		Toarcian		Herangi			Ururoan	176
		Pliensbachian	Jurassic 2				Ururoan	184.2
		Pliensbachian	Jurassic 2				Aratauran	188.9
		Sinemurian	Jurassic 1					192.9
		Hettangian	Jurassic 1					199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Triassic 4	Balfour			Otapirian	201.4
		Norian					Warepan	208.5
							Otamitan	217
							Oretian	221
		Carnian	Triassic 3				Oretian	227
		Carnian	Triassic 3	Gore			Kaihikuan	227.5
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Triassic 2				Kaihikuan	237
		Ladinian					Etalian	238
		Anisian					Etalian	242
		Anisian					Malakovian	246
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Triassic 1				Malakovian	Vokhmian	247.2
		Olenekian					Nelsonian		249
		Induan					Nelsonian		251.2
		Induan		DUrville			Makarewan		Kathwai	251.5 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Permian 4						Kathwai	251.902
										252.4 *
									Chhidru	252.9 *
							Waiitian			253.2
		Wuchiapingian					Waiitian	Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian		254.14
							Puruhauan			254.2
									Kalabagh	255 *
									Wargal	256 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian		Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian			Aparima	Flettian		259.51
		Wordian		Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian						264.28
										265.3 *
								Barettian		266
									Amb	266.1 *
		Roadian	Permian 3	Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian					Amb	266.9
		Roadian	Permian 3	Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian						270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Permian 2							273.01
		Kungurian						Mangapirian		276
		Artinskian						Mangapirian		283.5
								Telfordian		285
										288.5
		Sakmarian								290.1
		Asselian	Permian 1							293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Carboniferous 5		298.9
		Kasimovian	Carboniferous 5		303.7
		Moscovian	Carboniferous 4		307
		Bashkirian	Carboniferous 4		315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3		323.2
		Visean	Carboniferous 2		330.9
		Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1		346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Devonian 5		358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian	Devonian 4		372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Devonian 3		382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Devonian 3		387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Devonian 2		393.3
		Pragian	Devonian 1		407.6
		Lochkovian	Devonian 1		410.8
Silurian	Pridoli		Silurian 2		Ohesaare	Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle				Whitcliffe/Leintwardine	419.2
					Ohesaare					Bringewood/Elton	421.3
					Kaugetuma					Bringewood/Elton	421.7 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian			Kuressaare	Coalbrookdale				Wenlock (England)/Tickwood	423
		Ludfordian			Paadla					Wenlock (England)/Tickwood	423.4 *
		Gorstian									425.6
		Gorstian								Buildwas	426.4 *
	Wenlock	Homerian			Rootsikula					Buildwas	427.4
					Rootsikula	Wych				Woolhope	428.4 *
					Jaagarahu						429.2 *
		Sheinwoodian			Jaagarahu						430.5
		Sheinwoodian			Jaani						431.8 *
	Llandovery	Telychian	Silurian 1		Jaani						433.4
					Adavere						434 *
											436.3 *
		Aeronian									438.5
						Cowleigh Park					439.3 *
					Raikkula						439.4 *
		Rhuddanian			Raikkula						440.8
		Rhuddanian			Juuru						441.4 *
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ordovician 5								Ashgill	Hirnantian	443.8
		Katian										Rawtheyan	445.2
												Cautleyan	448.9 *
												Pusgillian	449.3 *
											Caradoc	Streffordian	Onnian †	449.6 *
												Cheneyan		451.5 *
												Burrellian		452.7 *
		Sandbian	Ordovician 4											453
													Actonian †	453.2 *
													Marshbrookian †	Woolstonian †	454.2 *
													Longvillian †		455.2 *
												Aurelucian	Longvillian †		456.8 *
												Aurelucian	Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian		457.4 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Ordovician 3								Llanvirn	Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn			458.4
		Darriwilian	Ordovician 3									Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn			461.3 *
		Dapingian	Ordovician 2									Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn			467.3
		Dapingian									Arenig	Fennian			468.4 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian										Fennian			470
												Whitlandian			471.1 *
												Moridunian			474.3 *
		Tremadocian	Ordovician 1								Tremadoc	Migneintian			477.7
											Tremadoc	Cressagian			480.8 *
												485 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Cambrian 5	Late Cambrian								485.4
		Jiangshanian										489.5
		Paibian										494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Cambrian 4	Middle Cambrian								497
		Drumian	Cambrian 4				500.5
		Wuliuan	Cambrian 3				504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Cambrian 3	Early Cambrian			509
	Series 2	Stage 3	Cambrian 2				514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Cambrian 2				521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian	Cambrian 1				529
																538.8