PBDB Timescale

Ten Million Year Bins

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view

There are 56 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 1 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ten Million Year Bins	Permo-Triassic Subages of Eastern Europe	Carboniferous of China	Cenozoic Subepochs	Cambrian of West Avalonia	Mesozoic Subages		Permian of Western Europe	North American Mammal Subages/Zones
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Cenozoic 6											0
		Northgrippian												0.0042
		Greenlandian												0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene				Late Pleistocene					Sheridanian			0.0117
		Chibanian				Middle Pleistocene					Sheridanian			0.129
		Chibanian				Middle Pleistocene					Cudahyan/Sappan			0.21
		Calabrian				Early Pleistocene					Cudahyan/Sappan			0.774
		Calabrian									Senecan/Rexroadian			1.4
		Gelasian												1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian				Late Pliocene								2.58
		Zanclean				Early Pliocene								3.6
		Zanclean				Early Pliocene					Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian			4.7
	Miocene	Messinian				Late Miocene								5.333
		Tortonian												7.246
		Tortonian									Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian			9.4
		Serravallian	Cenozoic 5			Middle Miocene					Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian			11.63
		Serravallian									late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian			12.5
		Langhian												13.82
		Burdigalian				Early Miocene								15.98
											Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian			16.3
											late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian		18.5
		Aquitanian												20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Cenozoic 4			Late Oligocene								23.03
												Monroecreekian		23.1 *
												Geringian		24.7 *
		Rupelian				Early Oligocene						Geringian		27.82
		Rupelian				Early Oligocene								29.5
	Eocene	Priabonian	Cenozoic 3			Late Eocene					Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian			33.9
		Priabonian				Late Eocene								37
		Bartonian				Middle Eocene								37.71
		Bartonian									Late Uintan/Early Uintan			39.7
		Lutetian	Cenozoic 2								Late Uintan/Early Uintan			41.2
		Lutetian									Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian			46.2
		Ypresian				Early Eocene					Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian			47.8
											Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean			50.5
													Cf3/Cf2/Cf1	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Cenozoic 1			Late Paleocene							Cf3/Cf2/Cf1	56
		Thanetian				Late Paleocene							Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1	56.2
		Selandian				Middle Paleocene							Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1	59.2
		Selandian				Middle Paleocene							To3/To2/To1	60.9
		Danian				Early Paleocene							To3/To2/To1	61.6
		Danian				Early Paleocene							Pu3/Pu2/Pu1	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Cretaceous 8					Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian						66
		Campanian	Cretaceous 7					Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian						72.1
		Santonian	Cretaceous 6					Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian						83.6
		Coniacian						Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian						86.3
		Turonian						Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian						89.8
		Cenomanian	Cretaceous 5					Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian						93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Cretaceous 4					Late Albian						100.5
								Middle Albian						106.2 *
								Early Albian						109.9 *
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3					Late Aptian						113
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3					Early Aptian						119.5 *
		Barremian	Cretaceous 2					Late Barremian/Early Barremian						121.4
		Hauterivian	Cretaceous 2					Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian						125.77
		Valanginian	Cretaceous 1					Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian						132.6
		Berriasian						Late Berriasian						139.8
								Middle Berriasian						140.6 *
								Early Berriasian						142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Jurassic 6					Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian					145
		Tithonian	Jurassic 6					Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian					146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian	Jurassic 5					Late Kimmeridgian						149.2
		Kimmeridgian						Early Kimmeridgian						152.2 *
		Oxfordian						Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian					154.8
		Oxfordian			157.9 *				Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian		Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian			161.5
		Bathonian	Jurassic 4	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian			165.3
		Bajocian		Late Bajocian			168.2
		Bajocian		Early Bajocian			168.6 *
		Aalenian	Jurassic 3	Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian			170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian		Late Toarcian			174.7
				Middle Toarcian			180.4 *
				Early Toarcian			182.9 *
		Pliensbachian	Jurassic 2	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian			184.2
		Sinemurian	Jurassic 1	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian			192.9
		Hettangian	Jurassic 1	Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian			199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Triassic 4				201.4
		Norian		Sevatian			208.5
				Alaunian			213.2 *
				Lacian			216.7 *
		Carnian	Triassic 3	Tuvalian			227
		Carnian	Triassic 3	Julian			233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Triassic 2	Longobardian			237
		Ladinian		Fassanian			239.7 *
		Anisian		Illyrian			242
				Pelsonian			243.8 *
				Bithynian			244.7 *
				Aegean			245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Triassic 1	Vokhmian			Spathian	247.2
		Olenekian					Smithian	248.9 *
		Induan					Dienerian	251.2
		Induan					Griesbachian	251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Permian 4					251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian		Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian				Zechstein	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian		Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian				Rotliegendes	259.51
		Wordian		Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian					264.28
		Roadian	Permian 3	Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian					266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Permian 2						273.01
		Artinskian						Autunian	283.5
		Sakmarian							290.1
		Asselian	Permian 1						293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Carboniferous 5						298.9
		Gzhelian							Xiaodushanian	300 *
		Kasimovian							Xiaodushanian	303.7
		Kasimovian							Dalaun	305.8 *
		Moscovian	Carboniferous 4							307
		Bashkirian				315.2
						Huashibanian			318.5 *
						Lousuan			321.2 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3			Dewunian			323.2
		Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3			Shangsian			330.8 *
		Visean	Carboniferous 2			Shangsian			330.9
		Visean	Carboniferous 2			Jiusian			335 *
		Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1			Tangbagouan			346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Devonian 5						358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian	Devonian 4						372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Devonian 3						382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Devonian 3						387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Devonian 2						393.3
		Pragian	Devonian 1						407.6
		Lochkovian	Devonian 1						410.8
Silurian	Pridoli		Silurian 2						419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian							423
	Ludlow	Gorstian							425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian							427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian							430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	Silurian 1						433.4
		Aeronian							438.5
		Rhuddanian							440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ordovician 5		Hirnantian				Xiaoxita †/Shikou	Wufeng †	443.8
		Katian			Chientangkiangian					Wufeng †	445.2
		Katian			Neichianshanian/Hanjiang						449.5
		Sandbian	Ordovician 4		Neichianshanian/Hanjiang						453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Ordovician 3		Darriwilian				Guniu †/Hulo		458.4
		Darriwilian	Ordovician 3		Darriwilian				Hunjiang †	Dawan †/Daobaowan/Ningkuo	466.3 *
		Dapingian	Ordovician 2		Dapingian						467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian	Ordovician 2		Yiyangian						470
		Tremadocian	Ordovician 1		Xinchangian						477.7
		Tremadocian	Ordovician 1		Xinchangian					Lianghekou †	477.9 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Cambrian 5								485.4
		Jiangshanian									489.5
		Paibian									494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Cambrian 4								497
		Guzhangian									Arcadian	498.4
		Drumian										500.5
		Wuliuan	Cambrian 3									504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Cambrian 3								Branchian	509
		Stage 3	Cambrian 2								Branchian	514
		Stage 3									Placentian	517.1
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2										521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian	Cambrian 1									529
														538.8