PBDB Timescale

Ten Million Year Bins

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view

There are 56 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 1 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ten Million Year Bins	Permian of the Russian Platform		Devonian Subages	Obsolete Carboniferous Ages of China	North American Land Mammal Ages	North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Permian of Western Europe	Silurian of the Baltic	Ordovician of the Baltic
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Cenozoic 6					Saintaugustinean							0
		Meghalayan						Santarosean							0.0004
		Northgrippian													0.0042
		Greenlandian													0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene							Sheridanian						0.0117
		Late Pleistocene						Rancholabrean							0.014
		Chibanian						Rancholabrean							0.129
		Chibanian						Irvingtonian	Cudahyan/Sappan						0.21
		Calabrian						Irvingtonian	Cudahyan/Sappan						0.774
		Calabrian						Blancan	Senecan/Rexroadian						1.4
		Gelasian													1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian													2.58
		Zanclean													3.6
		Zanclean						Hemphillian	Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian						4.7
	Miocene	Messinian													5.333
		Tortonian													7.246
		Tortonian						Clarendonian	Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian						9.4
		Serravallian	Cenozoic 5					Clarendonian	Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian						11.63
		Serravallian						Barstovian	late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian						12.5
		Langhian													13.82
		Burdigalian													15.98
								Hemingfordian	Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian						16.3
								Arikareean	late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian					18.5
		Aquitanian													20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Cenozoic 4												23.03
										Monroecreekian					23.1 *
										Geringian					24.7 *
		Rupelian								Geringian					27.82
								Whitneyan							29.5
								Orellan							31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian	Cenozoic 3					Chadronian	Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian						33.9
		Priabonian						Duchesnean							37
		Bartonian						Duchesnean							37.71
		Bartonian						Uintan	Late Uintan/Early Uintan						39.7
		Lutetian	Cenozoic 2					Uintan	Late Uintan/Early Uintan						41.2
		Lutetian						Bridgerian	Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian						46.2
		Ypresian						Bridgerian	Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian						47.8
								Wasatchian	Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean						50.5
								Clarkforkian			Cf3/Cf2/Cf1				54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Cenozoic 1					Clarkforkian			Cf3/Cf2/Cf1				56
		Thanetian						Tiffanian			Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1				56.2
		Selandian						Tiffanian			Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1				59.2
		Selandian						Torrejonian			To3/To2/To1				60.9
		Danian						Torrejonian			To3/To2/To1				61.6
		Danian						Puercan			Pu3/Pu2/Pu1				63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Cretaceous 8												66
		Campanian	Cretaceous 7												72.1
		Santonian	Cretaceous 6												83.6
		Coniacian													86.3
		Turonian													89.8
		Cenomanian	Cretaceous 5												93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Cretaceous 4												100.5
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3												113
		Barremian	Cretaceous 2												121.4
		Hauterivian	Cretaceous 2												125.77
		Valanginian	Cretaceous 1												132.6
		Berriasian	Cretaceous 1												139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Jurassic 6												145
		Kimmeridgian	Jurassic 5												149.2
		Oxfordian													154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian													161.5
		Bathonian	Jurassic 4												165.3
		Bajocian	Jurassic 4												168.2
		Aalenian	Jurassic 3												170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Jurassic 3	174.7
		Pliensbachian	Jurassic 2	184.2
		Sinemurian	Jurassic 1	192.9
		Hettangian	Jurassic 1	199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Triassic 4	201.4
		Norian	Triassic 4	208.5
		Carnian	Triassic 3	227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Triassic 2	237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian	Triassic 2	242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Triassic 1	247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan	Triassic 1	251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Permian 4	251.902
		Wuchiapingian		Zechstein	254.14
		Wuchiapingian		Zechstein	Tatarian	Vyatkian	256.8 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian		Severodvinian		Rotliegendes	259.51
		Wordian		Urzhumian			264.28
		Roadian	Permian 3	Kazanian	Povolzhian		266.9
		Roadian	Permian 3	Kazanian	Sokian		270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Permian 2	Kungurian	Irenian/Ufimian		273.01
					Filipovian		276.5 *
					Saraninian		280.1 *
		Artinskian		Artinskian	Sarginian	Autunian	283.5
					Irginian		285.9 *
					Burtsevian		287.8 *
		Sakmarian		Sakmarian	Sterlitamakian		290.1
		Sakmarian		Sakmarian	Tastubian		291.7 *
		Asselian	Permian 1	Asselian	Shikhanian		293.52
					Uskalykian		294.8
					Surenian		297.5
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Carboniferous 5			Mapingian †				298.9
		Kasimovian				Mapingian †				303.7
		Kasimovian								305.9
		Moscovian	Carboniferous 4							307
		Bashkirian	Carboniferous 4							315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3							323.2
		Visean	Carboniferous 2							330.9
		Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1							346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Devonian 5							Late Famennian		358.9
									Middle Famennian	365.3 *
									Early Famennian	368.5 *
		Frasnian	Devonian 4						Late Frasnian	372.2
									Middle Frasnian	375.4 *
									Early Frasnian	379.3 *
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Devonian 3						Late Givetian	382.7
									Middle Givetian	383.7 *
								Early Givetian	385.9 *
		Eifelian						Late Eifelian	387.7
		Eifelian						Early Eifelian	390.3 *
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Devonian 2					Late Emsian	393.3
		Emsian	Devonian 2					Early Emsian	398.3 *
		Pragian	Devonian 1					Pragian	407.6
		Lochkovian						Late Lochkovian	410.8
								Middle Lochkovian	412.8 *
								Early Lochkovian	415.6 *
Silurian	Pridoli		Silurian 2						Ohesaare	419.2
	Pridoli								Kaugetuma	421.7 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian							Kuressaare	423
		Ludfordian							Paadla	423.4 *
		Gorstian							Paadla	425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian							Rootsikula	427.4
		Homerian							Jaagarahu	429.2 *
		Sheinwoodian							Jaagarahu	430.5
		Sheinwoodian							Jaani	431.8 *
	Llandovery	Telychian	Silurian 1						Jaani	433.4
		Telychian							Adavere	434 *
		Aeronian							Adavere	438.5
		Aeronian							Raikkula	439.4 *
		Rhuddanian							Raikkula	440.8
		Rhuddanian							Juuru	441.4 *
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ordovician 5							Harju	Porkuni	443.8
		Katian									Pirgu	445.2
											Vormsi	449.6 *
											Nabala	Johvi †	450 *
										Viru	Rakvere		450.6 *
											Oandu		452 *
		Sandbian	Ordovician 4								Keila	Idavere †	453
											Haljala		453.9
											Kukruse		456.4 *
											Uhaku	Aluoja †	457.5 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Ordovician 3								Uhaku		458.4
											Lasnamagi		458.9 *
											Aseri		460.4 *
										Oeland	Kunda		462.9 *
											Kunda	Valaste †/Hunderum	464.3 *
											Volkhov		Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka	467.1 *
		Dapingian	Ordovician 2								Volkhov			467.3
		Dapingian									Billingen			469.3 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian												470
												Latorp †		470.1 *
											Hunneberg			473.7 *
		Tremadocian	Ordovician 1								Hunneberg			477.7
											Varangu			481.3 *
											Pakerort			482.2 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Cambrian 5		485.4						Pakerort
							486.3 *
							486.5
		Jiangshanian					489.5
		Paibian					494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Cambrian 4				497
		Drumian	Cambrian 4				500.5
		Wuliuan	Cambrian 3				504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Cambrian 3				509
	Series 2	Stage 3	Cambrian 2				514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Cambrian 2				521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian	Cambrian 1				529
															538.8