PBDB Timescale

Ten Million Year Bins

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view

There are 56 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 1 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ten Million Year Bins	Permian of the Russian Platform		Carboniferous of North America	Carboniferous of Western Europe		Cambrian of Kazakhstan	Permian of the Pamirs	Silurian Ages of Europe	Mesozoic Subages		Cambrian of China	Obsolete Names for ICS Units
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Cenozoic 6													0
		Northgrippian														0.0042
		Greenlandian														0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene														0.0117
		Chibanian														0.129
		Calabrian														0.774
		Gelasian														1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian													Tertiary †	2.58
	Pliocene	Zanclean														3.6
	Miocene	Messinian														5.333
		Tortonian														7.246
		Serravallian	Cenozoic 5													11.63
		Langhian														13.82
		Burdigalian														15.98
		Aquitanian														20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Cenozoic 4													23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian	Cenozoic 4													27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian	Cenozoic 3													33.9
		Bartonian	Cenozoic 3													37.71
		Lutetian	Cenozoic 2													41.2
		Ypresian	Cenozoic 2													47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Cenozoic 1													56
		Selandian														59.2
		Danian														61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Cretaceous 8									Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian				66
		Campanian	Cretaceous 7									Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian				72.1
		Santonian	Cretaceous 6									Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian				83.6
		Coniacian										Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian				86.3
		Turonian										Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian				89.8
		Cenomanian	Cretaceous 5									Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian				93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Cretaceous 4									Late Albian				100.5
												Middle Albian				106.2 *
												Early Albian				109.9 *
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3									Late Aptian				113
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3									Early Aptian				119.5 *
		Barremian	Cretaceous 2									Late Barremian/Early Barremian				121.4
		Hauterivian	Cretaceous 2									Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian				125.77
		Valanginian	Cretaceous 1									Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian				132.6
		Berriasian										Late Berriasian				139.8
												Middle Berriasian				140.6 *
												Early Berriasian				142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Jurassic 6									Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian			145
		Tithonian	Jurassic 6									Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian			146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian	Jurassic 5									Late Kimmeridgian				149.2
		Kimmeridgian										Early Kimmeridgian				152.2 *
		Oxfordian										Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian			154.8
		Oxfordian											Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian			157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian										Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian				161.5
		Bathonian	Jurassic 4									Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian				165.3
		Bajocian										Late Bajocian				168.2
		Bajocian										Early Bajocian				168.6 *
		Aalenian	Jurassic 3									Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian				170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian										Late Toarcian				174.7
												Middle Toarcian				180.4 *
												Early Toarcian				182.9 *
		Pliensbachian	Jurassic 2									Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian				184.2
		Sinemurian	Jurassic 1									Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian				192.9
		Hettangian	Jurassic 1									Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian				199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Triassic 4													201.4
		Norian										Sevatian				208.5
												Alaunian				213.2 *
												Lacian				216.7 *
		Carnian	Triassic 3									Tuvalian				227
		Carnian	Triassic 3									Julian				233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Triassic 2	Longobardian	237
		Ladinian		Fassanian	239.7 *
		Anisian		Illyrian	242
				Pelsonian	243.8 *
				Bithynian	244.7 *
				Aegean	245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Triassic 1	Spathian	247.2
		Olenekian		Smithian	248.9 *
		Induan		Dienerian	251.2
		Induan		Griesbachian	251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Permian 4	Dorashamian		251.902
		Wuchiapingian		Dzhulfian		Longtanian †	254.14
		Wuchiapingian		Dzhulfian		Longtanian †	Tatarian	Vyatkian	256.8 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian		Severodvinian		Midian			259.51
		Wordian		Urzhumian		Midian			264.28
		Wordian		Urzhumian		Murgabian			266.2 *
		Roadian	Permian 3	Kazanian			Povolzhian		266.9
		Roadian	Permian 3	Kazanian			Sokian		270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Permian 2	Kungurian		Irenian/Ufimian	Kubergandian		273.01
						Filipovian	Kubergandian		276.5 *
						Filipovian	Bolorian		279.8
						Saraninian			280.1 *
		Artinskian		Artinskian		Sarginian			283.5
						Irginian			285.9 *
						Irginian	Yakhtashian		286
						Burtsevian	Yakhtashian		287.8 *
		Sakmarian		Sakmarian		Sterlitamakian	Sakmarian		290.1
		Sakmarian		Sakmarian		Tastubian	Sakmarian		291.7 *
		Asselian	Permian 1	Asselian		Shikhanian	Bursumian †		Asselian	293.52
						Uskalykian				294.8
						Surenian				297.5
						Surenian				Kuzel	297.7
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Carboniferous 5				Virgilian			Kuzel	298.9
										Stephanian	Stephanian C	300.3 *
											Stephanian B	300.9 *
											Stephanian A	301.4 *
		Kasimovian					Missourian				Stephanian A	303.7
							Missourian				Cantabrian	305 *
							Desmoinesian					305.9 *
		Moscovian	Carboniferous 4									307
										Westphalian	Westphalian D	307.4 *
											Westphalian C	309.8
							Atokan				Westphalian C	312.7 *
											Westphalian B	314.6
		Bashkirian									Westphalian B	315.2
											Westphalian A	317 *
							Morrowan				Westphalian A	318.4 *
										Namurian	Yeadonian	318.8 *
											Marsdenian	320.2 *
											Kinderscoutian	321.5 *
											Alportian	322 *
											Chokierian	323.1 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3				Chesterian				Chokierian	323.2
											Arnsbergian	324 *
											Pendleian	327.4 *
		Visean	Carboniferous 2							Warnantian	Brigantian †	330.9
							Meramecian			Warnantian	Brigantian †	335.8 *
										Livian	Asbian †	336.3 *
										Moliniacian	Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian	340.2 *
							Osagean			Moliniacian	Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian	343.1 *
		Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1				Osagean			Ivorian		346.7
							Kinderhookian			Ivorian		351.9 *
							Kinderhookian			Hastarian		353.7 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Devonian 5									Late Famennian	358.9
												Middle Famennian	365.3 *
												Early Famennian	368.5 *
		Frasnian	Devonian 4									Late Frasnian	372.2
												Middle Frasnian	375.4 *
												Early Frasnian	379.3 *
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Devonian 3									Late Givetian	382.7
												Middle Givetian	383.7 *
												Early Givetian	385.9 *
		Eifelian										Late Eifelian	387.7
		Eifelian										Early Eifelian	390.3 *
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Devonian 2		Late Emsian							393.3
		Emsian	Devonian 2		Early Emsian							398.3 *
		Pragian	Devonian 1		Pragian							407.6
		Lochkovian			Late Lochkovian			410.8
					Middle Lochkovian			412.8 *
					Early Lochkovian			415.6 *
Silurian	Pridoli		Silurian 2					419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian						423
	Ludlow	Gorstian						425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian						Gleedonian				427.4
		Homerian						Whitwellian				429.7 *
		Sheinwoodian										430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	Silurian 1									433.4
		Aeronian										438.5
		Rhuddanian										440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ordovician 5									443.8
		Katian	Ordovician 5									445.2
		Sandbian	Ordovician 4									453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Ordovician 3									458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian	Ordovician 2									467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian	Ordovician 2									470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian	Ordovician 1									Ungurian	477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Cambrian 5	Batyrbaian		Niuchehean			Taoyuanian †			485.4
		Jiangshanian		Batyrbaian		Jiangshanian						489.5
				Aksaian								490.7 *
				Sakian								492.2 *
		Paibian				Paibian						494
		Paibian				Paibian			Waergangian †/Youshuanian			494.9 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Cambrian 4	Ayusokkanian		Guzhangian			Wangcunian †			Series 3 †	497
		Guzhangian				Guzhangian							499.5
		Drumian		Zhanaarykian		Drumian							500.5
		Drumian		Tuesaian		Drumian							503
		Wuliuan	Cambrian 3	Tuesaian		Wuliuan/Taijangian							Stage 5 †	504.5
		Wuliuan				Wuliuan/Taijangian							Stage 5 †	505.3
	Series 2	Stage 4				Duyunian								509
				Toyonian										510 *
				Botomian										512.5 *
		Stage 3	Cambrian 2	Botomian		Nangaoian								514
		Stage 3		Atdabanian		Nangaoian								515.6 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2		Tommotian		Meishucunian								521
		Stage 2												525.5
		Fortunian	Cambrian 1											529
		Fortunian	Cambrian 1			Jinnigian								530.7
																538.8