PBDB Timescale

Ten Million Year Bins

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view

There are 56 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 1 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ten Million Year Bins	Mesozoic Subages		South American Land Mammal Ages		Cambrian of North America		Silurian of North America			Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Cenozoic 6												0
		Northgrippian													0.0042
		Greenlandian													0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene				Lujanian									0.0117
		Chibanian				Lujanian									0.129
		Chibanian				Ensenadan									0.3 *
		Calabrian				Ensenadan									0.774
		Calabrian				Sanandresian	Uquian †								1.7 *
		Gelasian				Sanandresian									1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian				Vorohuean									2.58
		Piacenzian				Chapadmalalan									2.9 *
		Zanclean				Chapadmalalan									3.6
						Montehermosan									3.7 *
						Huayquerian									4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian													5.333
		Tortonian													7.246
						Chasicoan									7.9 *
						Mayoan									9.9 *
						Laventan									10.9 *
		Serravallian	Cenozoic 5			Laventan									11.63
		Serravallian				Colloncuran									13.7 *
		Langhian				Colloncuran									13.82
		Langhian				Friasian									15.4 *
		Burdigalian				Friasian									15.98
						Santacrucian									16.2 *
						Colhuehuapian									17.4 *
		Aquitanian				Colhuehuapian									20.44
		Aquitanian				Deseadan									20.9 *
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Cenozoic 4										Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian	23.03
		Rupelian											Kekeamuan		27.82
		Rupelian				Tinguirirican							Kekeamuan		28.9 *
	Eocene	Priabonian	Cenozoic 3			Tinguirirican							Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian		33.9
		Priabonian				Divisaderan							Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian		35.9 *
		Bartonian											Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan		37.71
		Lutetian	Cenozoic 2												41.2
		Lutetian				Mustersan									41.9 *
		Ypresian				Mustersan								Bumbanian	47.8
		Ypresian				Casamayoran								Bumbanian	47.9 *
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Cenozoic 1			Riochican							Gashatan		56
						Itaboraian									56.9 *
						Peligran									58.9 *
		Selandian													59.2
		Danian													61.6
		Danian				Tiupampan									62.4 *
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Cretaceous 8	Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian											66
		Campanian	Cretaceous 7	Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian											72.1
		Santonian	Cretaceous 6	Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian											83.6
		Coniacian		Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian											86.3
		Turonian		Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian											89.8
		Cenomanian	Cretaceous 5	Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian											93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Cretaceous 4	Late Albian											100.5
				Middle Albian											106.2 *
				Early Albian											109.9 *
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3	Late Aptian											113
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3	Early Aptian											119.5 *
		Barremian	Cretaceous 2	Late Barremian/Early Barremian											121.4
		Hauterivian	Cretaceous 2	Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian											125.77
		Valanginian	Cretaceous 1	Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian											132.6
		Berriasian		Late Berriasian											139.8
				Middle Berriasian											140.6 *
				Early Berriasian											142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Jurassic 6	Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian										145
		Tithonian	Jurassic 6	Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian										146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian	Jurassic 5	Late Kimmeridgian											149.2
		Kimmeridgian		Early Kimmeridgian				152.2 *
		Oxfordian		Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian			154.8
		Oxfordian			Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian			157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian		Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian				161.5
		Bathonian	Jurassic 4	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian				165.3
		Bajocian		Late Bajocian				168.2
		Bajocian		Early Bajocian				168.6 *
		Aalenian	Jurassic 3	Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian				170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian		Late Toarcian				174.7
				Middle Toarcian				180.4 *
				Early Toarcian			182.9 *
		Pliensbachian	Jurassic 2	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian			184.2
		Sinemurian	Jurassic 1	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian			192.9
		Hettangian	Jurassic 1	Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian			199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Triassic 4				201.4
		Norian		Sevatian			208.5
				Alaunian			213.2 *
				Lacian			216.7 *
		Carnian	Triassic 3	Tuvalian			227
		Carnian	Triassic 3	Julian			233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Triassic 2	Longobardian			237
		Ladinian		Fassanian			239.7 *
		Anisian		Illyrian			242
				Pelsonian			243.8 *
				Bithynian			244.7 *
				Aegean			245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Triassic 1	Spathian			247.2
		Olenekian		Smithian			248.9 *
		Induan		Dienerian			251.2
		Induan		Griesbachian			251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Permian 4				251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian					254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian					259.51
		Wordian					264.28
		Roadian	Permian 3				266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Permian 2				273.01
		Artinskian					283.5
		Sakmarian					290.1
		Asselian	Permian 1				293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Carboniferous 5				298.9
		Kasimovian	Carboniferous 5				303.7
		Moscovian	Carboniferous 4				307
		Bashkirian	Carboniferous 4				315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3				323.2
		Visean	Carboniferous 2			330.9
		Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1			346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Devonian 5			358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian	Devonian 4			372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Devonian 3			382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Devonian 3			387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Devonian 2			393.3
		Pragian	Devonian 1			407.6
		Lochkovian	Devonian 1			410.8
Silurian	Pridoli		Silurian 2			Cayugan	Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Whitcliffe/Leintwardine	419.2
						Cayugan		Bringewood/Elton	421.3
						Niagaran		Bringewood/Elton	422.5 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian					Coalbrookdale	Wenlock (England)/Tickwood	423
		Gorstian							425.6
		Gorstian						Buildwas	426.4 *
	Wenlock	Homerian						Buildwas	Lockportian	427.4
		Homerian					Wych	Woolhope	Lockportian	428.4 *
		Sheinwoodian								430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	Silurian 1						Ontarian	433.4
		Telychian								436.3 *
		Aeronian								438.5
										Alexandrian	438.7 *
							Cowleigh Park				439.3 *
					Medinan	Clinton			440.1 *
									440.7 *
		Rhuddanian							440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ordovician 5							443.8
		Katian	Ordovician 5							445.2
		Sandbian	Ordovician 4							453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Ordovician 3							458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian	Ordovician 2							467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian	Ordovician 2							470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian	Ordovician 1							477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Cambrian 5							Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
		Stage 10									Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian									Sunwaptan	489.5
		Jiangshanian									Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian									Steptoean	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Cambrian 4							Marjumian	Albertian †	497
		Drumian	Cambrian 4							Marjumian		500.5
		Wuliuan	Cambrian 3							Topazan		504.5
		Wuliuan								Delamaran		506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4								Delamaran	Waucoban †	509
		Stage 4								Dyeran		511 *
		Stage 3	Cambrian 2							Dyeran		514
										Montezuman		514.8 *
										Begadean		519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2										521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian	Cambrian 1									529
															538.8