PBDB Timescale

Ten Million Year Bins

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
D. H. Erwin and S. A. Bowring. 2004. Cambrian time scale. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 56 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 2 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ten Million Year Bins	Mesozoic Subages		North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Silurian of England		Permo-Triassic Subages of Eastern Europe	Ordovician of the Baltic				Carboniferous of Western Europe		Cambrian of Australia	Cambrian of Siberia
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Cenozoic 6																		0
		Northgrippian																			0.0042
		Greenlandian																			0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene				Sheridanian															0.0117
		Chibanian				Sheridanian															0.129
		Chibanian				Cudahyan/Sappan															0.21
		Calabrian				Cudahyan/Sappan															0.774
		Calabrian				Senecan/Rexroadian															1.4
		Gelasian																			1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian																			2.58
		Zanclean																			3.6
		Zanclean				Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian															4.7
	Miocene	Messinian																			5.333
		Tortonian																			7.246
		Tortonian				Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian															9.4
		Serravallian	Cenozoic 5			Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian															11.63
		Serravallian				late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian															12.5
		Langhian																			13.82
		Burdigalian																			15.98
						Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian															16.3
						late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian														18.5
		Aquitanian																			20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Cenozoic 4																		23.03
							Monroecreekian														23.1 *
							Geringian														24.7 *
		Rupelian					Geringian														27.82
		Rupelian																			29.5
	Eocene	Priabonian	Cenozoic 3			Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian															33.9
		Priabonian																			37
		Bartonian																			37.71
		Bartonian				Late Uintan/Early Uintan															39.7
		Lutetian	Cenozoic 2			Late Uintan/Early Uintan															41.2
		Lutetian				Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian															46.2
		Ypresian				Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian															47.8
						Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean															50.5
								Cf3/Cf2/Cf1													54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Cenozoic 1					Cf3/Cf2/Cf1													56
		Thanetian						Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1													56.2
		Selandian						Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1													59.2
		Selandian						To3/To2/To1													60.9
		Danian						To3/To2/To1													61.6
		Danian						Pu3/Pu2/Pu1													63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Cretaceous 8	Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian																	66
		Campanian	Cretaceous 7	Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian																	72.1
		Santonian	Cretaceous 6	Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian																	83.6
		Coniacian		Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian																	86.3
		Turonian		Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian																	89.8
		Cenomanian	Cretaceous 5	Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian																	93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Cretaceous 4	Late Albian																	100.5
				Middle Albian																	106.2 *
				Early Albian																	109.9 *
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3	Late Aptian																	113
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3	Early Aptian																	119.5 *
		Barremian	Cretaceous 2	Late Barremian/Early Barremian																	121.4
		Hauterivian	Cretaceous 2	Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian																	125.77
		Valanginian	Cretaceous 1	Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian																	132.6
		Berriasian		Late Berriasian																	139.8
				Middle Berriasian																	140.6 *
				Early Berriasian																	142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Jurassic 6	Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian																145
		Tithonian	Jurassic 6	Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian																146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian	Jurassic 5	Late Kimmeridgian																	149.2
		Kimmeridgian		Early Kimmeridgian																	152.2 *
		Oxfordian		Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian																154.8
		Oxfordian			Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian				157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian		Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian					161.5
		Bathonian	Jurassic 4	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian					165.3
		Bajocian		Late Bajocian					168.2
		Bajocian		Early Bajocian					168.6 *
		Aalenian	Jurassic 3	Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian					170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian		Late Toarcian					174.7
				Middle Toarcian					180.4 *
				Early Toarcian					182.9 *
		Pliensbachian	Jurassic 2	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian					184.2
		Sinemurian	Jurassic 1	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian					192.9
		Hettangian	Jurassic 1	Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian					199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Triassic 4						201.4
		Norian		Sevatian					208.5
				Alaunian					213.2 *
				Lacian					216.7 *
		Carnian	Triassic 3	Tuvalian					227
		Carnian	Triassic 3	Julian					233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Triassic 2	Longobardian					237
		Ladinian		Fassanian					239.7 *
		Anisian		Illyrian					242
				Pelsonian					243.8 *
				Bithynian					244.7 *
				Aegean					245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Triassic 1	Spathian					Vokhmian	247.2
		Olenekian		Smithian						248.9 *
		Induan		Dienerian			251.2
		Induan		Griesbachian			251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Permian 4						251.902
		Wuchiapingian					Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian		254.14
		Wuchiapingian					Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian		Tatarian	Vyatkian	256.8 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian					Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian			Severodvinian	259.51
		Wordian					Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian			Urzhumian	264.28
		Roadian	Permian 3				Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian		Kazanian	Povolzhian	266.9
		Roadian	Permian 3				Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian		Kazanian	Sokian	270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Permian 2				Kungurian		Irenian/Ufimian	273.01
									Filipovian	276.5 *
									Saraninian	280.1 *
		Artinskian					Artinskian		Sarginian	283.5
									Irginian	285.9 *
									Burtsevian	287.8 *
		Sakmarian					Sakmarian		Sterlitamakian	290.1
		Sakmarian					Sakmarian	Tastubian	291.7 *
		Asselian	Permian 1				Asselian	Shikhanian	293.52
								Uskalykian	294.8
								Surenian	297.5
								Surenian	Kuzel	297.7
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Carboniferous 5						Kuzel	298.9
									Stephanian	Stephanian C	300.3 *
										Stephanian B	300.9 *
										Stephanian A	301.4 *
		Kasimovian								Stephanian A	303.7
		Kasimovian								Cantabrian	305 *
		Moscovian	Carboniferous 4							Cantabrian	307
									Westphalian	Westphalian D	307.4 *
										Westphalian C	309.8
										Westphalian B	314.6
		Bashkirian								Westphalian B	315.2
										Westphalian A	317 *
									Namurian	Yeadonian	318.8 *
										Marsdenian	320.2 *
										Kinderscoutian	321.5 *
										Alportian	322 *
										Chokierian	323.1 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3							Chokierian	323.2
					Arnsbergian					324 *
					Pendleian					327.4 *
		Visean	Carboniferous 2		Warnantian				Brigantian †	330.9
					Livian				Asbian †	336.3 *
					Moliniacian				Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian	340.2 *
		Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1		Ivorian					346.7
		Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1		Hastarian					353.7 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Devonian 5							358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian	Devonian 4							372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Devonian 3							382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Devonian 3							387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Devonian 2							393.3
		Pragian	Devonian 1							407.6
		Lochkovian	Devonian 1							410.8
Silurian	Pridoli		Silurian 2							Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Whitcliffe/Leintwardine	419.2
	Pridoli									Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Bringewood/Elton	421.3
	Ludlow	Ludfordian								Coalbrookdale	Wenlock (England)/Tickwood	423
		Gorstian										425.6
		Gorstian									Buildwas	426.4 *
	Wenlock	Homerian									Buildwas	427.4
		Homerian								Wych	Woolhope	428.4 *
		Sheinwoodian										430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	Silurian 1									433.4
		Telychian										436.3 *
		Aeronian										438.5
		Aeronian								Cowleigh Park		439.3 *
		Rhuddanian								Cowleigh Park		440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ordovician 5							Harju		Porkuni	Ashgill	Hirnantian	443.8
		Katian										Pirgu		Rawtheyan	445.2
														Cautleyan	448.9 *
														Pusgillian	449.3 *
												Vormsi	Caradoc	Streffordian	Onnian †	449.6 *
												Nabala				Johvi †	450 *
										Viru		Rakvere					450.6 *
						Cheneyan						Rakvere		451.5 *
						Cheneyan						Oandu		452 *
						Burrellian						Oandu		452.7 *
		Sandbian	Ordovician 4									Keila		Idavere †		453
												Keila			Actonian †	453.2 *
												Haljala			Actonian †	453.9
															Marshbrookian †	Woolstonian †	454.2 *
															Longvillian †		455.2 *
												Kukruse					456.4 *
						Aurelucian											456.8 *
															Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian		457.4 *
												Uhaku		Aluoja †	Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian		457.5 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Ordovician 3			Llanvirn	Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn					Uhaku	458.4
												Lasnamagi	458.9 *
												Aseri	460.4 *
							Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn					Aseri	461.3 *
										Oeland		Kunda	462.9 *
												Kunda	Valaste †/Hunderum	464.3 *
												Volkhov		Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka	467.1 *
		Dapingian	Ordovician 2												467.3
						Arenig	Fennian								468.4 *
												Billingen			469.3 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian													470
													Latorp †		470.1 *
							Whitlandian								471.1 *
							Whitlandian					Hunneberg			473.7 *
							Moridunian								474.3 *
		Tremadocian	Ordovician 1			Tremadoc	Migneintian								477.7
							Cressagian								480.8 *
												Varangu			481.3 *
												Pakerort			482.2 *
															Mansian †		483.55 *
															Mansian †		485 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Cambrian 5												Datsonian		Batyrbaian	Tavgian †	Ketyan †/Yurakian	485.4
																				486.3 *
										486.5
										Payntonian					486.8 *
		Jiangshanian			Iverian					489.5
										Aksaian					490.7 *
										Sakian					492.2 *
		Paibian			Idamean										494
		Paibian			Idamean										Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian		494.7 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Cambrian 4		Mindyallan					Ayusokkanian								497
					Boomerangian					Ayusokkanian								499
					Boomerangian					Mayan/Menevian								499.5
		Drumian			Undillan													500.5
		Drumian			Floran													503
		Wuliuan	Cambrian 3		Templetonian					Amgan/Solvan								504.5
		Wuliuan			Ordian													507.8 *
	Series 2	Stage 4																509
										Toyonian					Lenian †			510 *
										Toyonian								510.8 *
										Botomian								512.5 *
		Stage 3	Cambrian 2							Botomian	514
		Stage 3								Atdabanian					515.6 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2								Tommotian					521
		Stage 2								Nemakit-Daldynian					525.5
		Fortunian	Cambrian 1	Manykaian †						Nemakit-Daldynian	529
																					538.8