PBDB Timescale

Ten Million Year Bins

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
J. A. Lillegraven and M. C. McKenna. 1986. Fossil mammals from the "Mesaverde" Formation (Late Cretaceous, Judithian) of the Bighorn and Wind River basins, Wyoming, with definitions of Late Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal "Ages". American Museum Novitates 2840:1-68 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 56 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 1 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ten Million Year Bins	Mesozoic Subages		North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Permo-Triassic Subages of Eastern Europe			Cambrian Epochs	South American Land Mammal Ages		North American Land Mammal Ages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Cenozoic 6												Saintaugustinean	0
		Meghalayan													Santarosean	0.0004
		Northgrippian														0.0042
		Greenlandian														0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene				Sheridanian							Lujanian			0.0117
		Late Pleistocene													Rancholabrean	0.014
		Chibanian													Rancholabrean	0.129
						Cudahyan/Sappan									Irvingtonian	0.21
													Ensenadan			0.3 *
		Calabrian														0.774
						Senecan/Rexroadian									Blancan	1.4
													Sanandresian	Uquian †		1.7 *
		Gelasian											Sanandresian			1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian											Vorohuean			2.58
		Piacenzian											Chapadmalalan			2.9 *
		Zanclean											Chapadmalalan			3.6
													Montehermosan			3.7 *
						Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian							Montehermosan		Hemphillian	4.7
													Huayquerian			4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian														5.333
		Tortonian														7.246
													Chasicoan			7.9 *
						Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian							Chasicoan		Clarendonian	9.4
													Mayoan			9.9 *
													Laventan			10.9 *
		Serravallian	Cenozoic 5													11.63
						late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian									Barstovian	12.5
													Colloncuran			13.7 *
		Langhian											Colloncuran			13.82
		Langhian											Friasian			15.4 *
		Burdigalian											Friasian			15.98
													Santacrucian			16.2 *
						Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian							Santacrucian		Hemingfordian	16.3
						Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian							Colhuehuapian		Hemingfordian	17.4 *
						late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian								Arikareean	18.5
		Aquitanian														20.44
		Aquitanian											Deseadan			20.9 *
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Cenozoic 4													23.03
							Monroecreekian									23.1 *
							Geringian									24.7 *
		Rupelian														27.82
													Tinguirirican			28.9 *
															Whitneyan	29.5
															Orellan	31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian	Cenozoic 3			Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian									Chadronian	33.9
						Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian							Divisaderan		Chadronian	35.9 *
															Duchesnean	37
		Bartonian													Duchesnean	37.71
		Bartonian				Late Uintan/Early Uintan									Uintan	39.7
		Lutetian	Cenozoic 2													41.2
													Mustersan			41.9 *
						Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian									Bridgerian	46.2
		Ypresian														47.8
													Casamayoran			47.9 *
						Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean									Wasatchian	50.5
								Cf3/Cf2/Cf1							Clarkforkian	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Cenozoic 1					Cf3/Cf2/Cf1					Riochican		Clarkforkian	56
								Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1					Riochican		Tiffanian	56.2
													Itaboraian			56.9 *
													Peligran			58.9 *
		Selandian														59.2
		Selandian						To3/To2/To1							Torrejonian	60.9
		Danian														61.6
													Tiupampan			62.4 *
				Pu3/Pu2/Pu1	Puercan			63.8					Tiupampan
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Cretaceous 8	Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian					Lancian/Edmontonian	66
		Campanian	Cretaceous 7	Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian					Judithian/Aquilan	72.1
		Santonian	Cretaceous 6	Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian						83.6
		Coniacian		Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian						86.3
		Turonian		Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian						89.8
		Cenomanian	Cretaceous 5	Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian						93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Cretaceous 4	Late Albian						100.5
				Middle Albian						106.2 *
				Early Albian						109.9 *
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3	Late Aptian						113
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3	Early Aptian						119.5 *
		Barremian	Cretaceous 2	Late Barremian/Early Barremian						121.4
		Hauterivian	Cretaceous 2	Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian						125.77
		Valanginian	Cretaceous 1	Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian						132.6
		Berriasian		Late Berriasian						139.8
				Middle Berriasian						140.6 *
				Early Berriasian						142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Jurassic 6	Late Tithonian						Middle Tithonian	145
		Tithonian	Jurassic 6	Early Tithonian						Middle Tithonian	146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian	Jurassic 5	Late Kimmeridgian							149.2
		Kimmeridgian		Early Kimmeridgian							152.2 *
		Oxfordian		Late Oxfordian						Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	154.8
		Oxfordian								Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian		Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian							161.5
		Bathonian	Jurassic 4	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian							165.3
		Bajocian		Late Bajocian							Epizigzagiceras	168.2
				Late Bajocian							Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense	168.4
				Early Bajocian							Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense	168.6 *
		Aalenian	Jurassic 3	Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian							Howelli/Scissum/Westermanni	170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian		Late Toarcian							Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta	174.7
											Planulata	179.3 *
												Arnioceras arnouldi	179.8 *
				Middle Toarcian									180.4 *
											Kanense		181.3 *
											Carlottense		182.3 *
				Early Toarcian							Carlottense		182.9 *
				Early Toarcian							Kunae		183.5 *
		Pliensbachian	Jurassic 2	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian							Kunae		184.2
											Freboldi		185.1 *
											Whiteavesi/Imlayi		Tetraspidoceras	186.2 *
													Tetraspidoceras	189.2 *
							Plesechioceras harbledownense/Asteroceras varians/Coroniceras				Canadensis		190.3 *
		Sinemurian	Jurassic 1	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian									192.9
							Pseudaetomoceras					Psiloceras	196.4 *
							Franziceras/Euphyllites						196.5 *
		Hettangian		Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian			Franziceras/Euphyllites						199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Triassic 4										201.4
		Norian		Sevatian									208.5
				Alaunian									213.2 *
				Lacian									216.7 *
		Carnian	Triassic 3	Tuvalian									227
		Carnian	Triassic 3	Julian									233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Triassic 2	Longobardian									237
		Ladinian		Fassanian									239.7 *
		Anisian		Illyrian		242
				Pelsonian		243.8 *
				Bithynian		244.7 *
				Aegean		245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Triassic 1	Spathian		Vokhmian							247.2
		Olenekian		Smithian									248.9 *
		Induan		Dienerian									251.2
		Induan		Griesbachian									251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Permian 4										251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian				Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian							254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian			Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian	259.51
		Wordian			Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian	264.28
		Roadian	Permian 3		Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Permian 2			273.01
		Artinskian				283.5
		Sakmarian				290.1
		Asselian	Permian 1			293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Carboniferous 5			298.9
		Kasimovian	Carboniferous 5			303.7
		Moscovian	Carboniferous 4			307
		Bashkirian	Carboniferous 4			315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3			323.2
		Visean	Carboniferous 2			330.9
		Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1			346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Devonian 5			358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian	Devonian 4			372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Devonian 3			382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Devonian 3			387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Devonian 2			393.3
		Pragian	Devonian 1			407.6
		Lochkovian	Devonian 1			410.8
Silurian	Pridoli		Silurian 2			419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian				423
	Ludlow	Gorstian				425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian				427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian				430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	Silurian 1			433.4
		Aeronian				438.5
		Rhuddanian				440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ordovician 5			443.8
		Katian	Ordovician 5			445.2
		Sandbian	Ordovician 4			453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Ordovician 3			458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian	Ordovician 2			467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian	Ordovician 2			470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian	Ordovician 1			477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Cambrian 5			Late Cambrian		485.4
		Jiangshanian						489.5
		Paibian						494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Cambrian 4			Middle Cambrian		497
		Drumian	Cambrian 4					500.5
		Wuliuan	Cambrian 3					504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Cambrian 3			Early Cambrian		509
	Series 2	Stage 3	Cambrian 2					514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Cambrian 2					521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian	Cambrian 1					529
																538.8