PBDB Timescale

Ten Million Year Bins

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view

There are 56 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 1 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ten Million Year Bins	Mesozoic Subages		North American Land Mammal Ages	Permian Subages of Germany	Ordovician of China
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Cenozoic 6			Saintaugustinean					0
		Meghalayan				Santarosean					0.0004
		Northgrippian									0.0042
		Greenlandian									0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene									0.0117
		Late Pleistocene				Rancholabrean					0.014
		Chibanian				Rancholabrean					0.129
		Chibanian				Irvingtonian					0.21
		Calabrian				Irvingtonian					0.774
		Calabrian				Blancan					1.4
		Gelasian									1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian									2.58
		Zanclean									3.6
		Zanclean				Hemphillian					4.7
	Miocene	Messinian									5.333
		Tortonian									7.246
		Tortonian				Clarendonian					9.4
		Serravallian	Cenozoic 5			Clarendonian					11.63
		Serravallian				Barstovian					12.5
		Langhian									13.82
		Burdigalian									15.98
						Hemingfordian					16.3
						Arikareean					18.5
		Aquitanian									20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Cenozoic 4								23.03
		Rupelian									27.82
						Whitneyan					29.5
						Orellan					31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian	Cenozoic 3			Chadronian					33.9
		Priabonian				Duchesnean					37
		Bartonian				Duchesnean					37.71
		Bartonian				Uintan					39.7
		Lutetian	Cenozoic 2			Uintan					41.2
		Lutetian				Bridgerian					46.2
		Ypresian				Bridgerian					47.8
						Wasatchian					50.5
						Clarkforkian					54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Cenozoic 1			Clarkforkian					56
		Thanetian				Tiffanian					56.2
		Selandian				Tiffanian					59.2
		Selandian				Torrejonian					60.9
		Danian				Torrejonian					61.6
		Danian				Puercan					63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Cretaceous 8	Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian							66
		Campanian	Cretaceous 7	Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian							72.1
		Santonian	Cretaceous 6	Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian							83.6
		Coniacian		Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian							86.3
		Turonian		Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian							89.8
		Cenomanian	Cretaceous 5	Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian							93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Cretaceous 4	Late Albian							100.5
				Middle Albian							106.2 *
				Early Albian							109.9 *
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3	Late Aptian							113
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3	Early Aptian							119.5 *
		Barremian	Cretaceous 2	Late Barremian/Early Barremian							121.4
		Hauterivian	Cretaceous 2	Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian							125.77
		Valanginian	Cretaceous 1	Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian							132.6
		Berriasian		Late Berriasian							139.8
				Middle Berriasian							140.6 *
				Early Berriasian							142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Jurassic 6	Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian						145
		Tithonian	Jurassic 6	Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian						146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian	Jurassic 5	Late Kimmeridgian							149.2
		Kimmeridgian		Early Kimmeridgian							152.2 *
		Oxfordian		Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian		154.8
		Oxfordian			Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian		157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian		Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian			161.5
		Bathonian	Jurassic 4	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian			165.3
		Bajocian		Late Bajocian			168.2
		Bajocian		Early Bajocian			168.6 *
		Aalenian	Jurassic 3	Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian			170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian		Late Toarcian			174.7
				Middle Toarcian			180.4 *
				Early Toarcian			182.9 *
		Pliensbachian	Jurassic 2	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian			184.2
		Sinemurian	Jurassic 1	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian			192.9
		Hettangian	Jurassic 1	Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian			199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Triassic 4				201.4
		Norian		Sevatian			208.5
				Alaunian			213.2 *
				Lacian			216.7 *
		Carnian	Triassic 3	Tuvalian			227
		Carnian	Triassic 3	Julian			233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Triassic 2	Longobardian			237
		Ladinian		Fassanian			239.7 *
		Anisian		Illyrian			242
				Pelsonian			243.8 *
				Bithynian			244.7 *
				Aegean			245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Triassic 1	Spathian			247.2
		Olenekian		Smithian			248.9 *
		Induan		Dienerian			251.2
		Induan		Griesbachian			251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Permian 4				Buntsandstein	251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian					Buntsandstein	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian					Ohre/Aller	259.51
		Wordian					Leine	264.28
		Roadian	Permian 3					266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Permian 2					273.01
		Artinskian						283.5
		Sakmarian						290.1
		Asselian	Permian 1					293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Carboniferous 5					298.9
		Kasimovian	Carboniferous 5					303.7
		Moscovian	Carboniferous 4					307
		Bashkirian	Carboniferous 4					315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3					323.2
		Visean	Carboniferous 2			330.9
		Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1			346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Devonian 5			358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian	Devonian 4			372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Devonian 3			382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Devonian 3			387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Devonian 2			393.3
		Pragian	Devonian 1			407.6
		Lochkovian	Devonian 1			410.8
Silurian	Pridoli		Silurian 2			419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian				423
	Ludlow	Gorstian				425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian				427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian				430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	Silurian 1			433.4
		Aeronian				438.5
		Rhuddanian				440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ordovician 5			Hirnantian		Xiaoxita †/Shikou	Wufeng †	443.8
		Katian				Chientangkiangian			Wufeng †	445.2
		Katian				Neichianshanian/Hanjiang				449.5
		Sandbian	Ordovician 4			Neichianshanian/Hanjiang				453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Ordovician 3			Darriwilian		Guniu †/Hulo		458.4
		Darriwilian	Ordovician 3			Darriwilian		Hunjiang †	Dawan †/Daobaowan/Ningkuo	466.3 *
		Dapingian	Ordovician 2		Dapingian	467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian	Ordovician 2		Yiyangian	470
		Tremadocian	Ordovician 1		Xinchangian	477.7
		Tremadocian	Ordovician 1		Xinchangian	Lianghekou †			477.9 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Cambrian 5						485.4
		Jiangshanian							489.5
		Paibian							494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Cambrian 4						497
		Drumian	Cambrian 4						500.5
		Wuliuan	Cambrian 3						504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Cambrian 3						509
	Series 2	Stage 3	Cambrian 2						514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Cambrian 2						521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian	Cambrian 1						529
											538.8