PBDB Timescale

Ten Million Year Bins

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
M. Freudenthal. 2006. Mammal Paleogene zones. personal communication view

There are 56 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 1 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ten Million Year Bins	Mesozoic Subages		North American Land Mammal Ages	Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Permian of China	Ammonite Chrons of Northwest Europe		Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		Cenozoic Subepochs	Mammal Paleogene Zones
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Cenozoic 6			Saintaugustinean	Wanganui	Haweran									0
		Meghalayan				Santarosean											0.0004
		Northgrippian															0.0042
		Greenlandian															0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene												Late Pleistocene			0.0117
		Late Pleistocene				Rancholabrean								Late Pleistocene			0.014
		Chibanian				Rancholabrean								Middle Pleistocene			0.129
						Irvingtonian											0.21
								Castlecliffian									0.34
		Calabrian												Early Pleistocene			0.774
						Blancan											1.4
								Nukumaruan									1.63
		Gelasian						Nukumaruan									1.8
		Gelasian						Mangapanian									2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian						Mangapanian						Late Pliocene			2.58
		Piacenzian						Waipipian						Late Pliocene			3
		Zanclean						Waipipian						Early Pliocene			3.6
								Opoitian									3.7
						Hemphillian		Opoitian									4.7
	Miocene	Messinian					Taranaki	Kapitean						Late Miocene			5.333
		Messinian						Tongaporutuan									7.2
		Tortonian															7.246
						Clarendonian											9.4
							Southland	Waiauan									11.04
		Serravallian	Cenozoic 5											Middle Miocene			11.63
						Barstovian											12.5
								Lillburnian									13.05
		Langhian						Lillburnian									13.82
								Clifdenian									15.1
							Pareora	Altonian									15.9
		Burdigalian												Early Miocene			15.98
						Hemingfordian											16.3
						Arikareean											18.5
								Otaian									18.7
		Aquitanian						Otaian									20.44
		Aquitanian					Landon	Waitakian									21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Cenozoic 4					Waitakian				Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian	Late Oligocene	MP 30/MP 29/MP 28/MP 27/MP 26	MP 25	23.03
								Duntroonian									25.2
								Whaingaroan									27.3
		Rupelian										Kekeamuan		Early Oligocene	MP 24/MP 23/MP 22/MP 21		27.82
						Whitneyan											29.5
						Orellan											31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian	Cenozoic 3			Chadronian						Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian		Late Eocene	MP 20/MP 19/MP 18/MP 17B/MP 17A		33.9
							Arnold	Runangan									34.6
								Kaiatan									36.7
						Duchesnean											37
		Bartonian										Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan		Middle Eocene	MP 16		37.71
								Bortonian									39.1
						Uintan											39.7
		Lutetian	Cenozoic 2												MP 15/MP 14/MP 13/MP 12/MP 11		41.2
							Dannevirke	Porangan									42.6
								Heretaungan									45.7
						Bridgerian											46.2
		Ypresian											Bumbanian	Early Eocene	MP 10/MP 8 + 9/MP 7		47.8
								Mangaorapan									48.9
						Wasatchian		Mangaorapan									50.5
						Wasatchian		Waipawan									52
						Clarkforkian		Waipawan									54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Cenozoic 1			Clarkforkian		Teurian				Gashatan		Late Paleocene	MP 6	MP 1 - 5	56
		Thanetian				Tiffanian						Gashatan		Late Paleocene	MP 6		56.2
		Selandian				Tiffanian								Middle Paleocene			59.2
		Selandian				Torrejonian								Middle Paleocene			60.9
		Danian				Torrejonian								Early Paleocene			61.6
		Danian				Puercan								Early Paleocene			63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Cretaceous 8	Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian		Mata	Haumurian			66
		Campanian	Cretaceous 7	Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian			Haumurian			72.1
		Santonian	Cretaceous 6	Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian			Piripauan			83.6
		Santonian		Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian		Raukumara	Teratan			86.1
		Coniacian		Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian						86.3
		Turonian		Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian						89.8
							Mangaotanean			90.5
							Arowhanan			93.7
		Cenomanian	Cretaceous 5	Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian			Arowhanan			93.9
						Clarence	Ngaterian			95.2
							Motuan			99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Cretaceous 4	Late Albian			Motuan			100.5
				Late Albian			Urutawan			103.3
				Middle Albian			Urutawan			106.2 *
				Middle Albian		Taitai	Korangan			108.4
				Early Albian						109.9 *
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3	Late Aptian						113
				Late Aptian						117.5
				Early Aptian						119.5 *
		Barremian	Cretaceous 2	Late Barremian/Early Barremian						121.4
		Hauterivian	Cretaceous 2	Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian						125.77
		Valanginian	Cretaceous 1	Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian						132.6
		Berriasian		Late Berriasian						139.8
				Middle Berriasian						140.6 *
				Early Berriasian						142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Jurassic 6	Late Tithonian		Middle Tithonian					145
		Tithonian	Jurassic 6	Early Tithonian		Middle Tithonian					146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian	Jurassic 5	Late Kimmeridgian							149.2
		Kimmeridgian		Early Kimmeridgian							152.2 *
		Oxfordian		Late Oxfordian		Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian					154.8
		Oxfordian				Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian					157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian		Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian							161.5
		Bathonian	Jurassic 4	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian							165.3
		Bajocian		Late Bajocian							Parkinsoni/Garantiana/Subfurcatum/Sauzei/Laeviuscula/Discites			168.2
				Late Bajocian										Humphresianum		168.4
				Early Bajocian										Humphresianum		168.6 *
		Aalenian	Jurassic 3	Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian							Concavum/Murchisonae/Opalinum					170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian		Late Toarcian							Levesquei/Variabilis/Bifrons			Thouarsense		174.7
				Late Toarcian												180.1
				Middle Toarcian												180.4 *
				Middle Toarcian							Serpentinum/Falciferum/Tenuicostatum					182
				Early Toarcian							Serpentinum/Falciferum/Tenuicostatum					182.9 *
		Pliensbachian	Jurassic 2	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian							Spinatum/Margaritatus/Davoei/Ibex/Jamesoni					184.2
		Sinemurian	Jurassic 1	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian							Raricostatum/Oxynotum/Obtusum/Turneri/Semicostatum/Bucklandi					192.9
		Hettangian	Jurassic 1	Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian							Angulata/Liasicus/Planorbis					199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Triassic 4													201.4
		Norian		Sevatian												208.5
				Alaunian												213.2 *
				Lacian												216.7 *
		Carnian	Triassic 3	Tuvalian												227
		Carnian	Triassic 3	Julian												233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Triassic 2	Longobardian												237
		Ladinian		Fassanian												239.7 *
		Anisian		Illyrian												242
				Pelsonian												243.8 *
				Bithynian												244.7 *
				Aegean												245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Triassic 1	Spathian												247.2
		Olenekian		Smithian									248.9 *
		Induan		Dienerian									251.2
		Induan		Griesbachian								251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Permian 4									Meishanian	251.902
		Changhsingian										Baoqingian	253.4 *
		Wuchiapingian										Laoshanian	254.14
		Wuchiapingian			Laibinian			257.7 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian			Lengwuan			259.51
		Wordian			Kuhfengian			264.28
		Roadian	Permian 3		Kuhfengian			266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Permian 2		Luodianian			273.01
		Artinskian			Luodianian			283.5
		Artinskian			Longlinian			285.4 *
		Sakmarian			Longlinian			290.1
		Asselian	Permian 1		Zisongian			293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Carboniferous 5		Zisongian			298.9
		Gzhelian						300.1
		Kasimovian						303.7
		Moscovian	Carboniferous 4					307
		Bashkirian	Carboniferous 4					315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3					323.2
		Visean	Carboniferous 2					330.9
		Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1					346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Devonian 5				358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian	Devonian 4				372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Devonian 3				382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Devonian 3				387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Devonian 2				393.3
		Pragian	Devonian 1				407.6
		Lochkovian	Devonian 1				410.8
Silurian	Pridoli		Silurian 2				419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian					423
	Ludlow	Gorstian					425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian					427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian					430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	Silurian 1				433.4
		Aeronian					438.5
		Rhuddanian				440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ordovician 5			Kosovian	443.8
		Katian				Kralodvorian	Bohdalec †	445.2
		Katian				Berounian		449.7 *
		Sandbian	Ordovician 4					453
								Zahorany †/Vinice	Letna †	456.2 *
							Liben †			458 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Ordovician 3							458.4
						Dobrotivian				458.5 *
						Oretanian				459.7 *
							Sarka †			461.7 *
		Dapingian	Ordovician 2				Klabava †			467.3
		Dapingian				Arenigian				468
	Early Ordovician	Floian				Arenigian				470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian	Ordovician 1			Tremadocian				477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Cambrian 5							485.4
		Jiangshanian								489.5
		Paibian								494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Cambrian 4							497
		Drumian	Cambrian 4							500.5
		Wuliuan	Cambrian 3							504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Cambrian 3							509
	Series 2	Stage 3	Cambrian 2							514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Cambrian 2							521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian	Cambrian 1							529
																	538.8