PBDB Timescale

Ten Million Year Bins

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
Z.-X. Qiu and Z.-D. Qiu. 1995. Chronological sequence and subdivision of Chinese Neogene mammalian faunas. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 116(1-2):41-70 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
M. Kretzoi. 1942. Necroteuthis n. g. (Ceph. Dibr., Necroteuthidae N. F.) aus dem Oligozän von Budapest und das system der Dibranchiata. Földtani Közlöny 72:125-238 view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view

There are 56 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 2 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ten Million Year Bins	Mesozoic Subages		Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		Permian Subages of Germany	Carboniferous of Western Europe		Neogene Mammal Ages of China	Ordovician of Britain				Ordovician of North America				North American Mammal Subages/Zones
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Cenozoic 6																				0
		Northgrippian																					0.0042
		Greenlandian																					0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene									Nihewanian									Sheridanian			0.0117
		Chibanian																		Sheridanian			0.129
		Chibanian																		Cudahyan/Sappan			0.21
		Calabrian																		Cudahyan/Sappan			0.774
		Calabrian																		Senecan/Rexroadian			1.4
		Gelasian																					1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian									Yushean												2.58
		Zanclean																					3.6
																				Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian			4.7
											Baodean												4.9
	Miocene	Messinian																					5.333
		Tortonian																					7.246
																				Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian			9.4
											Tunggurian												11.1
		Serravallian	Cenozoic 5																				11.63
		Serravallian																		late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian			12.5
		Langhian									Shanwangian												13.82
		Burdigalian																					15.98
																				Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian			16.3
											Xiejiaan									Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian			16.9
																				late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian		18.5
		Aquitanian																					20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Cenozoic 4			Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian																23.03
																					Monroecreekian		23.1 *
																					Geringian		24.7 *
		Rupelian				Kekeamuan															Geringian		27.82
		Rupelian				Kekeamuan																	29.5
	Eocene	Priabonian	Cenozoic 3			Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian														Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian			33.9
		Priabonian				Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian																	37
		Bartonian				Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan																	37.71
		Bartonian																		Late Uintan/Early Uintan			39.7
		Lutetian	Cenozoic 2																	Late Uintan/Early Uintan			41.2
		Lutetian																		Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian			46.2
		Ypresian					Bumbanian													Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian			47.8
																				Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean			50.5
																						Cf3/Cf2/Cf1	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Cenozoic 1			Gashatan																Cf3/Cf2/Cf1	56
		Thanetian				Gashatan																Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1	56.2
		Selandian																				Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1	59.2
		Selandian																				To3/To2/To1	60.9
		Danian																				To3/To2/To1	61.6
		Danian																				Pu3/Pu2/Pu1	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Cretaceous 8	Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian																			66
		Campanian	Cretaceous 7	Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian																			72.1
		Santonian	Cretaceous 6	Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian																			83.6
		Coniacian		Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian																			86.3
		Turonian		Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian																			89.8
		Cenomanian	Cretaceous 5	Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian																			93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Cretaceous 4	Late Albian																			100.5
				Middle Albian																			106.2 *
				Early Albian																			109.9 *
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3	Late Aptian																			113
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3	Early Aptian																			119.5 *
		Barremian	Cretaceous 2	Late Barremian/Early Barremian																			121.4
		Hauterivian	Cretaceous 2	Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian																			125.77
		Valanginian	Cretaceous 1	Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian																			132.6
		Berriasian		Late Berriasian																			139.8
				Middle Berriasian																			140.6 *
				Early Berriasian																			142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Jurassic 6	Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian																		145
		Tithonian	Jurassic 6	Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian																		146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian	Jurassic 5	Late Kimmeridgian				149.2
		Kimmeridgian		Early Kimmeridgian				152.2 *
		Oxfordian		Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian			154.8
		Oxfordian			Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian			157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian		Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian				161.5
		Bathonian	Jurassic 4	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian				165.3
		Bajocian		Late Bajocian				168.2
		Bajocian		Early Bajocian				168.6 *
		Aalenian	Jurassic 3	Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian				170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian		Late Toarcian				174.7
				Middle Toarcian				180.4 *
				Early Toarcian				182.9 *
		Pliensbachian	Jurassic 2	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian				184.2
		Sinemurian	Jurassic 1	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian				192.9
		Hettangian	Jurassic 1	Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian				199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Triassic 4					201.4
		Norian		Sevatian				208.5
				Alaunian				213.2 *
				Lacian				216.7 *
		Carnian	Triassic 3	Tuvalian				227
		Carnian	Triassic 3	Julian				233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Triassic 2	Longobardian				237
		Ladinian		Fassanian				239.7 *
		Anisian		Illyrian				242
				Pelsonian				243.8 *
				Bithynian				244.7 *
				Aegean				245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Triassic 1	Spathian				247.2
		Olenekian		Smithian				248.9 *
		Induan		Dienerian				251.2
		Induan		Griesbachian				251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Permian 4					Buntsandstein	251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian						Buntsandstein	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian						Ohre/Aller	259.51
		Wordian						Leine	264.28
		Roadian	Permian 3						266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Permian 2						273.01
		Artinskian							283.5
		Sakmarian							290.1
		Asselian	Permian 1				293.52
		Asselian	Permian 1				Kuzel		297.7
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Carboniferous 5			298.9	Kuzel
						Stephanian	Stephanian C		300.3 *
							Stephanian B		300.9 *
							Stephanian A		301.4 *
		Kasimovian					Stephanian A		303.7
		Kasimovian					Cantabrian		305 *
		Moscovian	Carboniferous 4				Cantabrian		307
						Westphalian	Westphalian D		307.4 *
							Westphalian C		309.8
							Westphalian B		314.6
		Bashkirian					Westphalian B		315.2
							Westphalian A		317 *
						Namurian	Yeadonian		318.8 *
							Marsdenian		320.2 *
							Kinderscoutian		321.5 *
							Alportian		322 *
							Chokierian		323.1 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3				Chokierian		323.2
							Arnsbergian		324 *
							Pendleian		327.4 *
		Visean	Carboniferous 2			Warnantian	Brigantian †		330.9
						Livian	Asbian †		336.3 *
						Moliniacian	Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian		340.2 *
		Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1			Ivorian			346.7
		Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1			Hastarian			353.7 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Devonian 5						358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian	Devonian 4						372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Devonian 3		382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Devonian 3		387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Devonian 2		393.3
		Pragian	Devonian 1		407.6
		Lochkovian	Devonian 1		410.8
Silurian	Pridoli		Silurian 2		419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian			423
	Ludlow	Gorstian			425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian			427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian			430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	Silurian 1		433.4
		Aeronian			438.5
		Rhuddanian			440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ordovician 5		Ashgill				Hirnantian	Cincinnatian	Gamachian	Kosovian	443.8
		Katian							Rawtheyan		Gamachian	Kralodvorian	Bohdalec †	445.2
									Rawtheyan		Richmondian			446 *
									Cautleyan					448.9 *
									Pusgillian					449.3 *
					Caradoc				Streffordian					Onnian †	449.6 *
												Berounian			449.7 *
											Maysvillian				Rocklandian †/Shermanian/Ashbyan/Kirkfieldian/Blackriveran/Wildernessian/Trentonian/Franklinian	449.8 *
											Edenian					450.4 *
										Mohawkian	Chatfieldian					451.1 *
									Cheneyan							451.5 *
									Burrellian							452.7 *
		Sandbian	Ordovician 4													453
														Actonian †		453.2 *
				Turinian							453.7 *			Actonian †
											Marshbrookian †			Woolstonian †		454.2 *
											Longvillian †					455.2 *
																Zahorany †/Vinice	Letna †	456.2 *
								Aurelucian	456.8 *
				Whiterockian						Canadian †					Chazyan †/Marmor			457 *
											Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian							457.4 *
											Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian		Liben †					458 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Ordovician 3		Llanvirn			Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn										458.4
												Dobrotivian						458.5 *
												Oretanian						459.7 *
								Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn										461.3 *
													Sarka †					461.7 *
		Dapingian	Ordovician 2										Klabava †					467.3
												Arenigian						468
					Arenig			Fennian										468.4 *
									Rangerian									469.1 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian		Ibexian					Blackhillsian						Jeffersonian †			Cassinian †	470
								Whitlandian	Blackhillsian										471.1 *
								Whitlandian	Tulean										473.9 *
								Moridunian											474.3 *
		Tremadocian	Ordovician 1		Tremadoc			Migneintian				Tremadocian							477.7
								Migneintian	Stairsian										480.3 *
								Cressagian	Stairsian										480.8 *
								Cressagian	Skullrockian									Demingian †	482 *
																		Demingian †	485 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Cambrian 5																485.4
		Stage 10																	487.5
		Jiangshanian																	489.5
		Paibian																	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Cambrian 4																497
		Drumian	Cambrian 4																500.5
		Wuliuan	Cambrian 3																504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Cambrian 3				509
	Series 2	Stage 3	Cambrian 2				514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Cambrian 2			521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian	Cambrian 1			529
																							538.8