PBDB Timescale

Ten Million Year Bins

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
Z.-X. Qiu and Z.-D. Qiu. 1995. Chronological sequence and subdivision of Chinese Neogene mammalian faunas. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 116(1-2):41-70 view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view

There are 56 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 1 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ten Million Year Bins	Mesozoic Subages		Neogene Mammal Ages of China	South American Land Mammal Ages		Devonian of Germany	Cambrian Epochs	Obsolete Carboniferous Ages of China	Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Cenozoic 6										0
		Northgrippian											0.0042
		Greenlandian											0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene				Nihewanian	Lujanian					Tarantian	0.0117
		Chibanian					Lujanian					Ionian	0.129
		Chibanian					Ensenadan					Ionian	0.3 *
		Calabrian					Ensenadan						0.774
		Calabrian					Sanandresian	Uquian †					1.7 *
		Gelasian					Sanandresian						1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian				Yushean	Vorohuean						2.58
		Piacenzian					Chapadmalalan						2.9 *
		Zanclean					Chapadmalalan						3.6
							Montehermosan						3.7 *
						Baodean	Huayquerian						4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian											5.333
		Tortonian											7.246
							Chasicoan						7.9 *
							Mayoan						9.9 *
							Laventan						10.9 *
						Tunggurian							11.1
		Serravallian	Cenozoic 5										11.63
		Serravallian					Colloncuran						13.7 *
		Langhian				Shanwangian	Colloncuran						13.82
		Langhian					Friasian						15.4 *
		Burdigalian					Friasian						15.98
							Santacrucian						16.2 *
						Xiejiaan	Santacrucian						16.9
							Colhuehuapian						17.4 *
		Aquitanian					Colhuehuapian						20.44
		Aquitanian					Deseadan						20.9 *
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Cenozoic 4										23.03
		Rupelian											27.82
		Rupelian					Tinguirirican						28.9 *
	Eocene	Priabonian	Cenozoic 3				Tinguirirican						33.9
		Priabonian					Divisaderan						35.9 *
		Bartonian											37.71
		Lutetian	Cenozoic 2										41.2
		Lutetian					Mustersan						41.9 *
		Ypresian					Mustersan						47.8
		Ypresian					Casamayoran						47.9 *
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Cenozoic 1				Riochican						56
							Itaboraian						56.9 *
							Peligran						58.9 *
		Selandian											59.2
		Danian											61.6
		Danian					Tiupampan						62.4 *
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Cretaceous 8	Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian									66
		Campanian	Cretaceous 7	Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian									72.1
		Santonian	Cretaceous 6	Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian									83.6
		Coniacian		Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian									86.3
		Turonian		Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian									89.8
		Cenomanian	Cretaceous 5	Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian									93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Cretaceous 4	Late Albian									100.5
				Middle Albian									106.2 *
				Early Albian									109.9 *
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3	Late Aptian									113
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3	Early Aptian									119.5 *
		Barremian	Cretaceous 2	Late Barremian/Early Barremian									121.4
		Hauterivian	Cretaceous 2	Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian									125.77
		Valanginian	Cretaceous 1	Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian									132.6
		Berriasian		Late Berriasian									139.8
				Middle Berriasian									140.6 *
				Early Berriasian									142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Jurassic 6	Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian								145
		Tithonian	Jurassic 6	Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian				146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian	Jurassic 5	Late Kimmeridgian					149.2
		Kimmeridgian		Early Kimmeridgian					152.2 *
		Oxfordian		Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian				154.8
		Oxfordian			Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian				157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian		Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian					161.5
		Bathonian	Jurassic 4	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian					165.3
		Bajocian		Late Bajocian					168.2
		Bajocian		Early Bajocian					168.6 *
		Aalenian	Jurassic 3	Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian					170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian		Late Toarcian				174.7
				Middle Toarcian				180.4 *
				Early Toarcian				182.9 *
		Pliensbachian	Jurassic 2	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian				184.2
		Sinemurian	Jurassic 1	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian				192.9
		Hettangian	Jurassic 1	Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian				199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Triassic 4					201.4
		Norian		Sevatian				208.5
				Alaunian				213.2 *
				Lacian				216.7 *
		Carnian	Triassic 3	Tuvalian				227
		Carnian	Triassic 3	Julian				233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Triassic 2	Longobardian				237
		Ladinian		Fassanian				239.7 *
		Anisian		Illyrian				242
				Pelsonian				243.8 *
				Bithynian				244.7 *
				Aegean				245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Triassic 1	Spathian				247.2
		Olenekian		Smithian				248.9 *
		Induan		Dienerian		251.2
		Induan		Griesbachian		251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Permian 4			251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian				254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian				259.51
		Wordian				264.28
		Roadian	Permian 3			266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Permian 2			273.01
		Artinskian				283.5
		Sakmarian				290.1
		Asselian	Permian 1			293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Carboniferous 5			Mapingian †		298.9
		Kasimovian				Mapingian †		303.7
		Kasimovian						305.9
		Moscovian	Carboniferous 4					307
		Bashkirian	Carboniferous 4					315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3				323.2
		Visean	Carboniferous 2				330.9
		Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1				346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Devonian 5				Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian	Devonian 4				Adorf	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Devonian 3				Givetian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Devonian 3				Eifelian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Devonian 2				Emsian	393.3
		Pragian	Devonian 1				Siegen	407.6
		Lochkovian	Devonian 1				Gedinnine	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli		Silurian 2					419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian						423
	Ludlow	Gorstian						425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian						427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian						430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	Silurian 1					433.4
		Aeronian						438.5
		Rhuddanian						440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ordovician 5					Hirnantian	Xiaoxita †/Shikou	Wufeng †	443.8
		Katian						Chientangkiangian		Wufeng †	445.2
		Katian						Neichianshanian/Hanjiang			449.5
		Sandbian	Ordovician 4					Neichianshanian/Hanjiang			453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Ordovician 3					Darriwilian	Guniu †/Hulo		458.4
		Darriwilian	Ordovician 3		Hunjiang †			Darriwilian	Dawan †/Daobaowan/Ningkuo	466.3 *
		Dapingian	Ordovician 2					Dapingian		467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian	Ordovician 2					Yiyangian		470
		Tremadocian	Ordovician 1					Xinchangian		477.7
		Tremadocian	Ordovician 1					Xinchangian	Lianghekou †	477.9 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Cambrian 5		Late Cambrian						485.4
		Jiangshanian									489.5
		Paibian									494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Cambrian 4		Middle Cambrian						497
		Drumian	Cambrian 4								500.5
		Wuliuan	Cambrian 3								504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Cambrian 3		Early Cambrian						509
	Series 2	Stage 3	Cambrian 2								514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Cambrian 2								521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian	Cambrian 1								529
													538.8