PBDB Timescale

Ten Million Year Bins

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view

There are 56 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 1 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ten Million Year Bins	Mesozoic Subages		Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand		Devonian Subages	Ordovician of China			North American Mammal Subages/Zones
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Cenozoic 6												0
		Northgrippian													0.0042
		Greenlandian													0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene										Sheridanian			0.0117
		Chibanian										Sheridanian			0.129
		Chibanian										Cudahyan/Sappan			0.21
		Calabrian										Cudahyan/Sappan			0.774
		Calabrian										Senecan/Rexroadian			1.4
		Gelasian													1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian													2.58
		Zanclean													3.6
		Zanclean										Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian			4.7
	Miocene	Messinian													5.333
		Tortonian													7.246
		Tortonian										Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian			9.4
		Serravallian	Cenozoic 5									Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian			11.63
		Serravallian										late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian			12.5
		Langhian													13.82
		Burdigalian													15.98
												Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian			16.3
												late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian		18.5
		Aquitanian													20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Cenozoic 4												23.03
													Monroecreekian		23.1 *
													Geringian		24.7 *
		Rupelian											Geringian		27.82
		Rupelian													29.5
	Eocene	Priabonian	Cenozoic 3									Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian			33.9
		Priabonian													37
		Bartonian													37.71
		Bartonian										Late Uintan/Early Uintan			39.7
		Lutetian	Cenozoic 2									Late Uintan/Early Uintan			41.2
		Lutetian										Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian			46.2
		Ypresian										Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian			47.8
												Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean			50.5
														Cf3/Cf2/Cf1	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Cenozoic 1											Cf3/Cf2/Cf1	56
		Thanetian												Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1	56.2
		Selandian												Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1	59.2
		Selandian												To3/To2/To1	60.9
		Danian												To3/To2/To1	61.6
		Danian												Pu3/Pu2/Pu1	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Cretaceous 8	Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian											66
		Campanian	Cretaceous 7	Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian											72.1
		Santonian	Cretaceous 6	Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian											83.6
		Coniacian		Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian											86.3
		Turonian		Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian											89.8
		Cenomanian	Cretaceous 5	Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian											93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Cretaceous 4	Late Albian											100.5
				Middle Albian											106.2 *
				Early Albian											109.9 *
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3	Late Aptian											113
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3	Early Aptian											119.5 *
		Barremian	Cretaceous 2	Late Barremian/Early Barremian											121.4
		Hauterivian	Cretaceous 2	Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian											125.77
		Valanginian	Cretaceous 1	Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian											132.6
		Berriasian		Late Berriasian											139.8
				Middle Berriasian											140.6 *
				Early Berriasian											142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Jurassic 6	Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian	Oteke	Puaroan								145
		Tithonian	Jurassic 6	Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian										146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian	Jurassic 5	Late Kimmeridgian											149.2
				Late Kimmeridgian		Kawhia	Ohauan								150
				Early Kimmeridgian			Ohauan								152.2 *
				Early Kimmeridgian			Heterian	154.5
		Oxfordian		Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian			154.8
		Oxfordian			Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian			157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian		Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian				161.5
		Callovian		Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian			Temaikan	164.3
		Bathonian	Jurassic 4	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian				165.3
		Bajocian		Late Bajocian				168.2
		Bajocian		Early Bajocian				168.6 *
		Aalenian	Jurassic 3	Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian				170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian		Late Toarcian				174.7
				Late Toarcian		Herangi	Ururoan	176
				Middle Toarcian				180.4 *
				Early Toarcian				182.9 *
		Pliensbachian	Jurassic 2	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian				184.2
		Pliensbachian	Jurassic 2	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian			Aratauran	188.9
		Sinemurian	Jurassic 1	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian				192.9
		Hettangian	Jurassic 1	Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian				199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Triassic 4			Balfour	Otapirian	201.4
		Norian		Sevatian			Warepan	208.5
				Alaunian				213.2 *
				Lacian				216.7 *
							Otamitan	217
							Oretian	221
		Carnian	Triassic 3	Tuvalian			Oretian	227
				Tuvalian		Gore	Kaihikuan	227.5
				Julian				233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Triassic 2	Longobardian				237
				Longobardian			Etalian	238
				Fassanian				239.7 *
		Anisian		Illyrian				242
				Pelsonian				243.8 *
				Bithynian				244.7 *
				Aegean				245.5 *
				Aegean			Malakovian	246
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Triassic 1	Spathian				247.2
				Smithian				248.9 *
				Smithian			Nelsonian	249
		Induan		Dienerian				251.2
				Griesbachian				251.4 *
				Griesbachian		DUrville	Makarewan	251.5
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Permian 4				Makarewan	251.902
		Changhsingian					Waiitian	253.2
		Wuchiapingian					Waiitian	254.14
		Wuchiapingian					Puruhauan	254.2
	Guadalupian	Capitanian				Aparima	Flettian	259.51
		Wordian					Flettian	264.28
		Wordian					Barettian	266
		Roadian	Permian 3					266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Permian 2					273.01
		Kungurian					Mangapirian	276
		Artinskian					Mangapirian	283.5
							Telfordian	285
								288.5
		Sakmarian						290.1
		Asselian	Permian 1					293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Carboniferous 5					298.9
		Kasimovian	Carboniferous 5					303.7
		Moscovian	Carboniferous 4					307
		Bashkirian	Carboniferous 4					315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3					323.2
		Visean	Carboniferous 2					330.9
		Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1					346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Devonian 5					Late Famennian	358.9
								Middle Famennian	365.3 *
								Early Famennian	368.5 *
		Frasnian	Devonian 4					Late Frasnian	372.2
								Middle Frasnian	375.4 *
					Early Frasnian			379.3 *
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Devonian 3		Late Givetian			382.7
					Middle Givetian			383.7 *
					Early Givetian			385.9 *
		Eifelian			Late Eifelian			387.7
		Eifelian			Early Eifelian			390.3 *
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Devonian 2		Late Emsian			393.3
		Emsian	Devonian 2		Early Emsian			398.3 *
		Pragian	Devonian 1		Pragian			407.6
		Lochkovian			Late Lochkovian			410.8
					Middle Lochkovian			412.8 *
					Early Lochkovian			415.6 *
Silurian	Pridoli		Silurian 2					419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian						423
	Ludlow	Gorstian						425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian						427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian						430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	Silurian 1					433.4
		Aeronian						438.5
		Rhuddanian						440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ordovician 5					Hirnantian	Xiaoxita †/Shikou	Wufeng †	443.8
		Katian						Chientangkiangian		Wufeng †	445.2
		Katian						Neichianshanian/Hanjiang			449.5
		Sandbian	Ordovician 4					Neichianshanian/Hanjiang			453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Ordovician 3					Darriwilian	Guniu †/Hulo		458.4
		Darriwilian	Ordovician 3					Darriwilian	Hunjiang †	Dawan †/Daobaowan/Ningkuo	466.3 *
		Dapingian	Ordovician 2					Dapingian			467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian	Ordovician 2					Yiyangian			470
		Tremadocian	Ordovician 1					Xinchangian			477.7
		Tremadocian	Ordovician 1					Xinchangian		Lianghekou †	477.9 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Cambrian 5								485.4
		Jiangshanian									489.5
		Paibian									494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Cambrian 4								497
		Drumian	Cambrian 4								500.5
		Wuliuan	Cambrian 3								504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Cambrian 3								509
	Series 2	Stage 3	Cambrian 2	514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Cambrian 2	521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian	Cambrian 1	529
															538.8